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APK2100 Exam 1 > Ch. 2 > Flashcards

Ch. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the smallest living units in our body?

A

cells

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2
Q

all living units are what in nature?

A

cellular

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3
Q

What are the basic survival functions each cell performs?

A
  • Obtain and use nutrients so they can make molecules inside them that are necessary for their life to keep going.
  • dispose of wastes that are generated during chemical reactions in molecule making.
  • replicate/regnerate/repair:
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4
Q

What carries out the basic survival functions of cells?

A

organelles

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5
Q

What are the three main structures of cells?

A
  • Plasma membrane
  • nucleus
  • cytoplasm
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6
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

-bounds the cell and keeps the ICF and contents in the cells from the ECF and it’s contents.

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7
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

pretty much everything between the nucleus and the plasma membrane.

  • DOES NOT INCLUDE NUCLEUS
  • jelly or gel like substance that has a solid and fluid component.
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8
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

Suspended within the cytoplasm and not part of the cytoplasm. is it’s own specialized organelle and has its own structural component.

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9
Q

What is the Fluid Mosaic Model?

A

It describes the plasma membrane of cells.

  • There is a sea of lipids (fluid part)
  • mosaic of proteins (mosaic part)
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10
Q

What lipids make up the plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipid bilayer- most predominant
Cholesterol- 2nd
-glycolipids- (sugar fat) less than 10%

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11
Q

Describe the phospholipids in the plasma membrane

A
  • Amphipathic lipids with a polar head (one row facing the ECF and the other facing the ICF) and two non-polar tails (tails of each layer are facing each other).
  • the phospholipids can interchange between each other.
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12
Q

What part of the phospholipid provides the protective barrier against water soluble components?

A

the tails of the phospholipids

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13
Q

Describe cholesterol in the plasma membrane

A
  • 4 ring structure with an -OH group attached.
  • OH group is what clings onto the polar head of the phospholipid —> making cholesterol slightly amphipathic.
  • rest of the structure is amongst the tails of the phospholipids
  • provides more structural integrity to the plasma membrane and gives it a little more of a water-proof ability making the plasma membrane more rigid and tough
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14
Q

Describe glycolipids in the plasma membrane

A

(sugar fat) Uses the phosphate heads of the phospholipids facing the ECF only and a carbohydrate chain is hanging off of it.

  • Forms the glycocalyx (used for recognition between cells)
  • helps with cellular adhesion: carbohydrate chains can link up and hook cells together.
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15
Q

What are the two types of membrane proteins?

A

Integral and peripheral

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16
Q

What are peripheral proteins?

A

proteins in the ICF

  • closely associated with the integral proteins
  • can be easily dissociated from the plasma membrane because they are not attached in any way
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17
Q

What are the two types of integral proteins?

A

Integral protein: protein that is embedded in one of the two layers of the membrane
transmembrane protein: protein spanning both layers of the membrane.

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18
Q

What are the 3 principle functions of the plasma membrane?

A
  • Protective barrier keeping ECF and ICF separated
  • cellular communication via receptor proteins (sometimes transmembrane proteins): cells must either physically touch each other or send a chemical to the cell that when received will change the internal environment of cell causing it to do something.
  • regulate movement of substances in and out (membrane transport).
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19
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A
  • some solutes simply diffuse across the membrane with no help from proteins or ATP.
  • works based off of a concentration gradient. solute must be permeable, and goes towards the area of lower concentration.
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20
Q

What types of membrane transport are needed for impermeant molecules?

A

passive (faciliated diffusion) = carrier/pore (opens up a tunnel, allowing molecule to go down it’s concentration gradient)
active transport = pump (pumped against gradient–needs ATP) used for ion transport

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21
Q

What are aquaporins?

A

transmembrane proteins that allow water to passively diffuse through the lipid bilayer. (osmosis = facilitated diffusion)
-specific to only water

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22
Q

What is endocytosis and the three types of endocytosis?

A
  • Bringing stuff into the cell
  • Pinocytosis
  • Phagocytosis
  • Receptor mediated endocytosis
23
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

Cellular drinking- non specific and not triggered by chemical messengers

  • used when lots of small molecules need to be brought in
  • lures contents from the outside by invaginating and sucking them in
  • pinches off the plasma membrane and then forms a vesicle inside the cell with the molecules and ECF
24
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Cellular eating (non specific/not triggered by chemical messengers)

  • used to bring in macromolecules (typically used to bring in sustenance for the cell)
  • uses pseudopods (temporary feet, projections) to wrap around macromolecule and bring it in with ECF
  • can fuse with another organelle to break down it’s contents
25
Q

what is receptor mediated endocytosis?

A

SPECIFIC; c

  • chemical messengers will bind to transmembrane proteins signaling the cell to form an endocytotic vesicle
  • vesicle will pinch off and bring in that chemical inside the cell
26
Q

What is exocytosis?

A
  • bilayer vesicles that fuse into the plasma membrane (elongating it) and secrete things out the cell.
  • these vesicles can also contain proteins in it’s membranes that will eventually fuse into the cytoplasmic membranes
  • this process is seen a lot in glandular cells, neurons.
27
Q

What is found in the cytoplasm?

A

Organelles, inclusions, cytosol

28
Q

What is cytosol?

A

Found in all cells.

  • jelly-like fluid in which all other intracellular elements are suspended in
  • made predominantly of water but there are ions and enzymes
  • site of many chemical reactions
29
Q

why is it important that the cytosol is predominantly water?

A

because many of the chemical reactions that occur in the cell occur in the cytosol and require water as their solvent.

30
Q

What are organelles?

A

specialized structures within a cell that have characteristic shapes and perform specific functions.
-make up more solid component of the cytoplasm

31
Q

What are inclusions?

A

Temporary structures

-pigments (melanin), crystals of proteins, food stores (lipid droplets in adipocytes)

32
Q

What are ribosomes?

A

Proteins + ribosomal rna = ribosome

  • has a large and small subunit and both must be together
  • functions in protein synthesis
33
Q

What are the types of ribosomes and their duty in the cell?

A

Free ribosomes- proteins made here are destined to be used by the cell’s internal structures ( ex. specific protein, enzyme needed for the cytosol)
Rough ER Ribosomes- proteins formed here will be either secreted out of the cell or incorporated into the plasma membrane as a carrier protein or a pump .
-Found in mitochondria as well

34
Q

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

“A network within the cytoplasm”

  • network of membrane enclosed cavities (flattened sac or tubules called cisterns or cisternae)
  • Rough ER= protein synthesis
  • Smooth ER= no ribosomes; making fats (ex. steroid hormones) or breaking down fats (like lipid soluble drugs) AND calcium storage.
35
Q

How do ribosomes work in the rough er?

A

When ribosomes are floating in the cyotosol as they are making proteins, if the protein needs to go to the rough ER it will attach itself and feed the protein down the lumen of the of the ER cistern

36
Q

What is the difference between the smooth er and the rough er physically?

A

Smoother ER has tubular cisterns and rough er have flat sacs with ribosomes on it.

37
Q

What is the functions of the golgi apparatus and what does it look like?

A
  • Perfects the proteins coming out of the Rough ER.
  • Has a CIS side (the receiving side, probably facing the rough ER) and has a TRANS side (facing away the rough ER).
  • Has cisternae or cisterns but a lot more in comparison to rough er.
38
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

hydrolase containing membrane bound organelle that can break down large molecules such as macromolecules, viruses, bacteria, and things deteriorating in the cell and take them to phagosomes to be done with

39
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

-peroxide bodies that remove toxic wastes that can harm DNA from the cell by using special enzymes.
oxidase removes free radicals but produces h2o2
catalase removes hydrogen peroxide producing water and o2

40
Q

Where are peroxisomes found a lot?

A

Liver (hepatocytes) and kidney cells

41
Q

What are the physical properties of mitochondrion (single)?

A
  • Double membrane organelle
  • elongated shape
  • Outer membrane is smooth
  • inner membrane has invaginations that protrude inward (looks like someone was poking it in)
  • inner content is called mitochondiral matrix
  • each little poke is called the crista (pl. cristae)
42
Q

What do the cristae provide to the mitochondria and why is it important?

A
  • Enhance the surface area

- important because the more surface area, the more ability to produce ATP

43
Q

What is the function of mitochondrion?

A

makes energy for the cell in the form of Adenosine triphosphate ATP

44
Q

Where are example that you may not find many mitochondria and places you will find a lot?

A

Adipocytes = not many mitochondria

Muscle cells = many

45
Q

What is the cytoskeleton and it’s function?

A
  • An elaborate network of rods running through the cytoplasm
  • supports the cells shape and produces movements
  • actin microfilaments
  • intermediate filaments
  • microtubules
46
Q

What are microfilaments?

A
  • Smallest/thinnest
  • Made up of actin subunits
  • found in the deepest layers of the plasma membrane as if they are making a second layer
  • help to make the pseudopods to help reach out in phagocytosis
  • important for making microvilli
  • help with motor movements within some cells
47
Q

What are microvilli (microvillus single)?

A

tiny hair link folds in the plasma membrane that extend to form the surface of many absorptive or secretory cells (epithelial cells).

  • increase surface area and hence enhance absorptive/secretory ability.
  • formed by crosslinked actin filaments by bundling fimbrin and villin to the core of the microvillus
48
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

-Medium size
-Made of insoluble fibrous subunits that are all wound together.
-Help fill out the rest of the cytoplasm and contribute to the over all structure of the cell
-main contribution to the cell is providing tensile strength (strength in one direction); helps connect cells together so they are not pulled apart in one direction easily
-

49
Q

What is an example of intermediate filaments?

A

-Keratin filaments that are ready to be sloughed off are connected in such a manner that makes them nice and hard so they are ready to die and be sloughed off.

50
Q

What are microtubules?

A
  • much larger
  • hollow (tubules not filaments) made of spherical tubulin subunits
  • contribute to overall shape of cell
  • mainly provides a scaffolding inside the cell —> lots of the organelles are chemically attached to the microtubules causing them to be suspended within the cytoplasm
  • help to form cilia (beating fingers on the outside of cells) and help form the flagella (single motile process)
51
Q

What are centrsomes and centrioles?

A
  • not membrane enclosed but are considered organelled
  • help form microtubles and cellular division.
  • centrioles are like the seeds for the microtubules and they sit perpendicular to one another (look like twizzler bites) and will sprout microtubules very near the nucleus
  • located in the centrosome matrix (cloud of proteins)
  • very important for cilia and flagella formation
52
Q

What is the structure of the nucleus?

A

Double membrane structure called the nuclear envelope

  • have nuclear pores
  • contains a nucleolus
  • ribosomes are found outside of the nucleus only
53
Q

What are nuclear pores?

A

Pores that are formed by the fusion of the two layers of the nuclear envelope.

  • at these pores, there are proteins that support it
  • allow things to pass in and out of the nucleus (such as chemical messengers or activating certain genes in the dna that needs to get to the ribosomes outside of the nucleus)
54
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A
  • not membrane enclosed
  • a cloud of proteins and DNA
  • the large and small subunits of ribosomes are formed here (subunits will come out through the nuclear pores and then come together to form the functional ribosome)
  • some cells may have multiple nucleoulus’
  • stain very darkly because of protein

APK2100 Exam 1 (4 decks)

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