Ch. 22: Life in the Emerging Urban Society

Question 1

Taming the City

Answer 1

How did urban life change in the nineteenth century?

Question 2

How were cities before industrialization and the growth of cities?

Answer 2

Since the Middle Ages, cities were congested, dirty, and unhealthy. The common folk lived among dirty pests and had the perfect conditions for bacteria such as Yersinia pestis to grow.
Keywords: Middle Ages, Yersinia Pestis, Industrial Revolution

Question 3

How were cities after industrialization and the growth of cities?

Answer 3

Cities were usually overcrowded, filled with closely built tenements, and polluted. In the 1820s and 1830s the populations of a number of British cities incerased by 40 to 70 percent each decade. Parks and open areas were almost non-existent. Testimonies say that the River Thames was no cleaner than a sewer (??).
Keywords: River Thames,

Question 4

(broadly mention)

How did cities tackle these challenges?

Answer 4

The Industrial Revolution exacerbated previous predicaments which led to the creation of necessary advancements in sanitation. Scientists such as Chadwick, Pasteur, Koch, and Lister paved the way for new sanitary technology. Napoleon III and Georges Haussman rebuilt Paris and created a blueprint for urban planning. Boulevards allowed for mass public transportation to flourish.

Question 5

Edwin Chadwick

The Advent of the Public Health Movement

Answer 5

• Wrote the Poor Law Commissioners’ Report of 1834 which became the basis of Great Britain’s first public health law after a cholera epidemic.
• Disease was caused by filthy environmental conditions (ie. lack of drainage, sewers, and garbage collection).
• Inspired by Jeremy Bentham’s utilitarianism.
• poverty–> disease + death

?Being poor was only acceptable if you were a child, widow, or disabled.

Poor law led to the creation of a national health board and gave cities authority to create modern sanitation systems. Govermnent could help improve (gov’ts felt more responsible for the citizens).

Question 7

What were the prevailing theories regarding medicine before the Bacterial Revoluton?

The Bacterial Revolution

Answer 7

• Miasmatic theory of disease: black bile, yellow bile, mucus, and blood
• Disease was “caused” by smelling bad odors (decay + excrement).
• Bloodletting balanced miasmas.

Question 8

Louis Pasteur

The Bacterial Revolution

Answer 8

• Developed the germ theory of disease
• Studied fermentation and concluded that heating up (pasteurizing) a substance controlled the quantity of specific living organisms, thus decreasing the spread of disease.

Question 9

Robert Koch

The Bacterial Revolution

Answer 9

Developed pure cultures of harmful bacteria and described their life cycles–> German dominance in the identification of diseases–> production of effective vaccines

Question 10

Joseph Lister

The Bacterial Revolution

Answer 10

• Grasped the connection between aerial bacteria and infection
• Chemical disinfectant would destroy the life of floating particles

Question 11

What were the effects of The Bacterial Revolution?

The Bacterial Revolution

Answer 11

• By 1910 the death rates in urban areas were no greater than those in rural areas.
• In the 1880s, German surgeons developed sterilizing everything that entered the operating room.

Question 12

How was Paris before its transformation?

Answer 12

It had long, narrow, dark streets that were easy to barricade. It only had two public parks and death rates were high.

Question 13

* !!!!!!!!!!!!**

Napoleon III

In terms of urban planning

Answer 13

• Used government action to promote the welfare of his subjects.
• Believed that rebuilding Paris would provide employment, improve living standards, and limit the outbreak of cholera epidemics.

Question 14

Baron Hausmann

Answer 14

The agressive and impatient Alsatian buldozed and reconstructed Paris in just under 20 yrs.
* Destroyed boulevards which created better traffic flow.
* Slums were replaced with small neighborhood spaces and (2) large parks
* Improved its sewers and a system of aqueducts more than doubled the city’s supply of clean, limpid, fresh water.

Question 15

Zoning expropriation laws

Answer 15

Allowed a majority of the owners of land in a given quarter of the city to impose major street or sanitation reforms on a reluctant minority.

These were an important mechanism of the urban reform movement.

Question 16

What were the effects of Napoleon III and Haussmann’s intervention?

Answer 16

They provided the blueprint for urban planning to cities like Vienna and Cologne. Improvements in public health went hand in hand with new construction.

Question 17

Transportation

Answer 17

• In the 1870s, European cities authorized private companies to operate horse-drawn streetcars to carry riders along the growing number of major thoroughfares (cabs/taxi).
• In the 1890s, European countries adopted an electric streetcar that was cheaper, faster, cleaner, more dependable, and more comfortable.
• Governments also developed electric streetcar and light rail systems to transport workers (suburban commuting).

Question 18

Mass transit

Answer 18

• Mass transit helped a middle-class move to more spacious housing (suburbs).
• It also helped cities become less congested.

Question 19

Rich and Poor and Those in Between

Answer 19

What did the emergence of urban industrial society mean for rich and poor and those in between?

Question 20

Be general!

Describe the changes and continuities between social classes before and in the 19th century.

Answer 20

The gap between the rich and poor still remained drastic, but there were gradations between the extremes. The economic developments at the time did not eliminate poverty or hardship, nor did they make wealth and income between the rich and poor more equal.

Question 21

Rich

Answer 21

The aristocracy remained at the top while they were joined by a new rich elite (wealthy buisiness families).

This formed a new upper class (5%)

Aristocracy did not oppose this since they faced a sharp decline in income with industrialization.

Question 22

Middle

Workers that engaged in occupations that required mental skill.

Answer 22

• Included industrialists, merchants, and professionals in law, buisiness, and medicine which were in greater demand due to industrialization. Also managers in public and private institutions
  *

Question 23

Lower Middle

Answer 23

• Upward social mobility–> strove to acheive professional standing and higher social status

dentistry, teachers, nurses

Question 24

Food

Answer 24

The dinner party boosted spending, especially in meats.

Question 25

Servants

Answer 25

At least one full time maid

Question 26

Household

Question 27

Appearance

Question 28

Leisure

Question 29

Behavior