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Anatomy Ch 2&3 > Ch 3 > Flashcards

Ch 3 Flashcards

1
Q

____ is the basic unit of life

A

Cell

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2
Q

The study of cells is ____

A

Cytology

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3
Q

_____ a magnifying instrument that allowed them for the first to examine structures not visible to the naked eye

A

Microscope

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4
Q

The outer layer of the cell is the ___

A

Plasma membrane

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5
Q

_____ membrane participates in many cellular activities such as growth, reproduction, and communication between cells and especially important in regulating what can enter and leave the cell

A

The plasma membrane

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6
Q

The plasma membrane of these cells is often folded into multiple small projections called

A

Microvilli

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7
Q

Microvilli is located in the ____ & ____

A

Small intestine & kidney cells

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8
Q

Lipids contain the element phosphorus they are called

A

Phospholipids

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9
Q

_____ is found in the plasma membrane

A

Cholesterol

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10
Q

_____ pores in the membrane that allow specific substances to enter or leave.

A

Channels

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11
Q

______ shuttle substances from one side of the membrane to the other. They change shape during transport. Glucose is carried into cells using these

A

Transporter

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12
Q

_____ specialized proteins that mediate that effects of chemical signals on cells: chemicals such as hormones and neurotransmitters

A

Receptors

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13
Q

_______ participates in reactions occurring at the plasma membrane

A

Enzymes

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14
Q

______ cells contains specialized structures that perform different tasks called

A

Organelles

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15
Q

The largest of the organelles is the

A

Nucleus

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16
Q

______ participate in reactions occurring at the plasma membrane

A

Enzymes

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17
Q

______ link to the other proteins within the cell to stabilize the membrane and link to the membrane proteins of other cells to attach cells together

A

Linkers

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18
Q

_____ _____ _____ are proteins unique to an individuals cells; they are important in the immune system

A

Cell identity markers

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19
Q

The nucleus is often called the control center of the cell Bc it contains _____

A

Chromosomes

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20
Q

Within the nucleus is a darker stained region called the _____ “little nucleus””

A

Nucleolus

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21
Q

The job of the _____ is to assemble ribosomes

A

Nucleolus

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22
Q

_____ is the material that fills the cell from the nuclear membrane to the plasma membrane.

A

Cytoplasm

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23
Q

The liquid part of the cytoplasm is the ____

A

Cytosol

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24
Q

The _____ ______ is a membranous network located between the nuclear membrane and the plasma membrane. “Means network inside the cytoplasm”

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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25
Q

The rough ER sends proteins to the nearby _____ ______

A

Golgi apparatus

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26
Q

The ___ ____ is the large organelle consisting of a stack of membranous sacs. As proteins pass through this they are modified sorted and packages for export of the cell

A

Golgi Apparatus

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27
Q

The _____ is a large round or bean shaped organelles with folded membranes on the inside. The cells “power plant”

A

Mitochondria

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28
Q

Enzymes within the mitochondria covert energy from the nutrients into ____ energy into the form of ATP

A

Cellular energy

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29
Q

What has large numbers of mitochondria & needs lots of energy

A

Muscle cells and spermatozoa

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30
Q

What removes waste and foreign materials from the cells

A

Lysosome

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31
Q

____ have enzymes that destroy harmful substances produced in metabolism

A

Peroxisomes

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32
Q

____ are small membrane bound storage sacs that are used to move materials into or out of the cell

A

Vesicles

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33
Q

Very small barrel shaped protein complexes are called ____ and participate in waste removal

A

Proteasomes

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34
Q

_____ are rod shaped bodies near the nucleus that function in cell division. They help organize the cell and divide the cell contents during this process

A

Centrioles

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35
Q

_____ are small hair like projections that wave creating movement of the fluids around the cell. This lines the respiratory tract and move the egg cell from the ovary to the uterus

A

Cilia

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36
Q

A long whiplike extension from a cell is called ___ and it’s the only type of cell in the human body that has one and its in the spermatozoa cell

A

Flagellum

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37
Q

____ is most abundant in your body

A

Water

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38
Q

Water is referred to as a _____ _____

A

Universal solvent

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39
Q

Substances such as salt that mix with or dissolve in water are _____ “water fearing”

A

Hydrophobic

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40
Q

Water helps regulate body temp

A

Just know

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41
Q

Blood plasma has dissolved compounds making it a ____

A

Solution

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42
Q

The red blood cells and other formed elements five blood the property of a _____

A

Suspension

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43
Q

The proteins in the plasma give it the property of a ___

A

Colloid

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44
Q

______ is a mixture in which one substance is dispersed into another but will settle out unless constantly mixed and is a suspension

A

Heterogeneous

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45
Q

What are you suppose to do before administering a medication that is a suspension

A

Shake it up

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46
Q

A ____ mixture settles out but does not dissolve.

A

Colloid

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47
Q

____ is fluid inside of the cells that is a colloid

A

Cytosol

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48
Q

____ a chemical that is capable of releasing hydrogen- excess amounts of hydrogen

A

acid

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49
Q

____ is found in stomach acid

A

HCI hydrochloric acid

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50
Q

A base is a chemical substance that accepts a ____ ion

A

Hydrogen

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51
Q

A base is also called a ____

A

Alkali

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52
Q

A reaction between an acid and a base produces a ___

A

Salt

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53
Q

________ is produced by HCI+NAOH->NACI+H2O

A

Sodium chloride NACI

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54
Q

Blood pH range

A

7.35-7.45

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55
Q

The greater the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, the greater the _____ of the solution

A

Acidity

56
Q

Chemicals that prevent sharp changes into the hydrogen pH

A

Buffers

57
Q

Bicarbonate, proteins, and phosphate are all

A

Buffers

58
Q

The number of pH goes down with the amount of _____

A

Hydrogen

59
Q

The more acid=the more hydrogen= the lower the number of

A

The pH

60
Q

A _____ receives 23 chromosomes from each parent

A

Zygote

61
Q

In ____ each original parent cell becomes two identical daughter cells “one divides to make two”

A

Mitosis

62
Q

Somatic cells are formed by mitosis and somatic cells dividing are called _______ cells

A

Stem

63
Q

____ is the direct energy Source for every cell in the body

A

Glucose

64
Q

____, storage form of glucose found in the liver cells and skeletal muscle

A

Glycogen

65
Q

Enzymes are proteins essential for ____

A

Metabolism

66
Q

Enzymes are catalysts

A

True

67
Q

What kind of enzymes are _____, ____, and ____

A

Lipase
Proteuse(trypsin)
And amylase

68
Q

Lipase-lipids
Proteuse-proteins
Amylase-carbs

A

True

69
Q

Some substances can be exchanged between the cell and its environment through the

A

Plasma membrane

70
Q

What happens in the lungs and cellular level

A

Diffusion.

71
Q

In your capillaries Co2 is high coming from blood all over your body back to the heart

A

Know

72
Q

O2 is high in the

A

Alveoli

73
Q

Diffusion used the particles internal energy and does not require ATP

A

Know

74
Q

___ solvable filters easily, water solvable needs help

A

Fat

75
Q

___ movement of water

A

Osmosis

76
Q

RBC burst is called

A

Hemolysis

77
Q

A cell placed in hypertonic solution; it then shrinks called

A

Crenation

78
Q

Glomerular filtration is the ____

A

Kidneys

79
Q

_____ diffusion Ford from high to low concentration but it has hell

A

Facilitated diffusion

80
Q

Do glucose and amino acids need help?

A

Yes

81
Q

Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis is _____ transport

A

Passive transport

82
Q

What organelle has ATP

A

Mitochondria

83
Q

Proteins are cell transporters

A

Know this

84
Q

____ a blue print, cells master blue print

A

DNA

85
Q

DNA is found where

A

In nucleus

86
Q

____ is the interpreter for blue print

A

RNA

87
Q

Only gametes separating in half

A

Mitosis

88
Q

______ The parent cell must be doubled so that the two new daughter cells receive a complete set of chromosomes

A

Mitosis

89
Q

Components of cytoplasm is ______ & ______

A

Cytosol and organelles

90
Q

Energy source for active transport is

A

ATP

91
Q

Engulfing or taking in a large particle by moving a WBC is

A

Phagocytosis

92
Q

A solution outside a cell has a greater concentration outside than inside the cell is

A

Hypertonic

93
Q

Engulfing a small droplets, cell drinking is called

A

Pinocytosis

94
Q

What type of compounds are carbohydrates fats and proteins

A

Organic

95
Q

A reaction (not in metabolism) in which smaller molecules bond to form a new larger molecule called

A

Synthesis

96
Q

The acidic range in the ph scale is _____-_____

A

0–6.99

97
Q

Average or midpoint on blood is

A

7.4 alkaline

98
Q

Direct energy source for all cells is

A

Carbohydrates (glucose)

99
Q

Trace element needed for oxygen transport (part of hemoglobin) is

A

Iron

100
Q

Neutral pH is

A

7.0

101
Q

Elements that make up a carbohydrate is

A

Carbon hydrogen and oxygen

102
Q

Molecule needed to make up hormones as cortisol , estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone is

A

Cholesterol

103
Q

Nerve impulse conduction requires these three elements

A

Calcium, k, and sodium

104
Q

To much acid means to much

A

Hydrogen H

105
Q

A type of reaction that causes larger molecules to break into smaller molecules

A

Decompositional

106
Q

Alkaline on a pH scale is ___-____

A

7.01-14

107
Q

The element contributes to myo contraction, nerve impulse induction and blood clotting is

A

Calcium

108
Q

These elements contribute to strong teeth and bones are

A

Calcium and phosphorus

109
Q

Body fluids that are to alkaline have to much ____

A

Hydroxide (OH)

110
Q

Building blocks for carbs, lipids, and proteins are amino acids, carbs-monosaccharides, lipids, fatty acids

A

Know

111
Q

Lipids (fats); steroids (cholesterol) phospholipids in cell membrane is

A

Triglycerides

112
Q

Most abundant compound is ____

A

Water 60% of body

113
Q

A compound that releases ions when it’s in a solution is a

A

Electrolyte

114
Q

Element always in organic compounds is

A

C Carbon

115
Q

Blood is slightly ___

A

alkaline

116
Q

Science dealing with the composition of substances is ____

A

Chemistry

117
Q

Hydr/o and aque/o is

A

Water

118
Q

Specific protein that matches up with a specific substance or substrate is a

A

Enzyme

119
Q

Alteration of a protein that harms the protein is called

A

Denatures

120
Q

Active methods for moving large quantities of material in or out of the cell is called ____ transport

A

Bulk

121
Q

____ transport because small sacs or vesicles are needed for the processes

A

Vesicular

122
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis invokes the intake of substances using specific binding sites or receptors in the plasma membrane

A

Just know this

123
Q

In _____ the cell moves materials out in the vesicles

A

Exocytosis

124
Q

Hereditary structures govern the cell are the chromosomes in the nucleus. Each chromosome in turn is divided into multiple units called

A

Gene

125
Q

Genes are distinct segments of the complex organic chemical that makes up the chromosomes, a substance called

A

Deoxyribonucleic

126
Q

_____ acid participated in protein synthesis but is not a part of the chromosomes

A

Ribonucleic acid

127
Q

The process begins with the copying of information from DNA to RNA in the nucleus, a process known as

A

Transcription

128
Q

______ are the sire of protein synthesis in the cell

A

Ribosomes

129
Q

The cells that form sex cells divide by the process of ____ which cuts the chromosome in half

A

Meiosis

130
Q

_____ cells are formed by the process called mitosis

A

Somatic cells

131
Q

____ is the passage of water and dissolved materials through a membrane down a pressure gradient from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure. A “pushing” force responsible for the high pressure, prevents larger substances from crossing

A

Filtration

132
Q

Bulk transport uses _____ and ATP to move large amounts of substances at once

A

Vesicles

133
Q

_____ is the net movement of particles from a region of relatively higher concentration to one of lower concentration

A

Diffusion

134
Q

The plasma membrane is described as _______, it is permeable or passable to some molecules but impassable to others

A

Semipermeable

135
Q

Water moves rapidly through the plasma membrane of most cells with the help of channels called

A

Aquaporins

136
Q

Because the permeability of the plasma membrane varies among substances and over time the membrane is most accurately described not as simple semipermeable but as _______ permeable

A

Selectively

137
Q

Passive describes the movement through the plasma membrane that does not directly require energy output from the cell. It depends on gradients

A

Know

Anatomy Ch 2&3 (2 decks)

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