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BIO225 > Ch. 37 Plant Form & Function > Flashcards

Ch. 37 Plant Form & Function Flashcards

1
Q

indeterminate growth

A

grow throughout their lives

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2
Q

herbivore

A

plant eaters

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3
Q

carnivore

A

meat eaters

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4
Q

photosynthesis

A

process by which energy from sunlight is transformed into sugar

6CO2 + 6H2O ——–> C6H12O6

anabolic, endergonic, CO2 requiring process

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5
Q

anabolic pathway

A

any set of chemical reaction that synthesizes large molecules from smaller ones
- requires input of energy

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6
Q

catabolic pathway

A

any set of chemical reaction that breaks down large/complex molecules into smaller ones
- releases energy

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7
Q

endergonic

A

a chemical reaction that requires an input of energy to occur

∆G > 0

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8
Q

exergonic

A

a chemical reaction occurs spontaneously

  • releases heat
  • increases entropy

∆G < 0

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9
Q

chloroplast

A

organelle where photosynthesis takes place

  • bounded by a double membrane
  • chlorophyll found here
  • found in plants & photosynthetic protists
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10
Q

things found in chloroplast

A

(1) starch
(2) amino acid
(3) fatty acid
(4) purine
(5) pyrimidine synthesis

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11
Q

thylakoid

A

membrane-bound network of flattened sac-like structures inside a plant chloroplast

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12
Q

thylakoid function

A

converting light energy to chemical energy

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13
Q

grana

A

(plural - granum)

a stack of thylakoid discs

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14
Q

chlorophyll

A

any of several closely related green pigments that absorb light during photosynthesis

  • found in chloroplasts
  • Mg+ in the center
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15
Q

stroma

A

fluid-filled space between the thylakoids & inner membrane

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16
Q

chlorophyll pigment

A

pigments that harvest energy (photons) by absorbing certain wavelengths

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17
Q

important wavelengths

A

(1) blue 420nm

(2) red 660nm

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18
Q

why are plants green?

A

the green wavelength is reflected off the plant

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19
Q

green chlorophyll during the fall

A

greatly reduced, revealing other pigments

(ie) leaves are red/orange/yellow instead of green

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20
Q

starting materials of photosynthesis

A

(1) sunlight
(2) carbon dioxide
(3) water
(4) other resources

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21
Q

reactions in photosynthesis

A

(1) light-dependent reaction

(2) Calvin cycle reaction

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22
Q

light-dependent reaction

A

produce O2 from H2O

water splits to form oxygen gas & then H+ is transferred to the electron carrier NADP+, forming NADPH

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23
Q

Calvin cycle

A

produce sugar from CO2

uses electrons from light-dependent reaction & the potential energy in ATP to reduce CO2 to make sugars

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24
Q

redox reaction

A

transfer of 1 or more electrons from one reactant to another

- types: oxidation & reduction

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25
Q

oxidation

A

loss of electrons from an atom or molecule during redox reaction

6H2O ——-> 6O2

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26
Q

how oxidation occurs

A

(1) donation of an electron to another atom or molecule

(2) the shared electrons in covalent bonds moving farther from the atomic nucleus

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27
Q

reduction

A

gain of electrons by an atom or molecule during redox reaction

6CO2 ———> C6H12O6

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28
Q

how reduction occurs

A

(1) accepting an electron from another atom or molecule

(2) the shared electrons in covalent bonds moving closer to the atomic nucleus

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29
Q

products of light-dependent reaction

A

ATP

NADPH

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30
Q

reactants of light-dependent reaction

A

energy from solar power (photons)

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31
Q

reactants of Calvin Cycle

A

ATP

NADPH

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32
Q

products of Calvin Cycle

A

sugar (glucose)

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33
Q

possible routes for electron flow

A

(1) cyclic flow

(2) noncyclic electron flow

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34
Q

cyclic electron flow

A

path of electron flow in which excited electrons of PSI are transferred back to PQ (start of ETC) instead of associating wtih PSII

  • occurs in thylakoid membrane
  • uses PSI only
  • P700 reaction center - chlorophyll a
  • generates ATP only
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35
Q

noncyclic electron flow

A

path of electron flow in which electrons pass from PSII through an ETC to PSI to create NADPH

  • occurs in thylakoid membrane
  • uses PSII and PSI
  • P680 reactionn center (PSII) - chlorophyll a
  • P700 reaction center (PSI) - chlorophyll a
  • uses electron transport chain (ETC)
  • generates O2, ATP & NADPH
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36
Q

chemiosmosis

A

an energetic coupling mechanism whereby energy stored in an electrochemical proton gradient is used to drive an energy-requiring process such as production of ATP

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37
Q

chemiosmosis facts

A

(1) powers ATP synthesis
(2) located in thylakoid membrane
(3) uses ETC & ATP synthase (enzyme) to make ATP
(4) photophosphorylation

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38
Q

photophosphorylation

A

addition of phosphate to ADP to make ATP

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39
Q

carbon fixation

A

(Calvin Cycle)

process of converting gaseous CO2 into an organic molecule

  • often associated with photosynthesis
  • requires 6 turns
  • uses 18 ATP and 12 NADPH
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40
Q

location of carbon fixation

A

stroma

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41
Q

reactants of carbon fixation

A

(1) ATP
(2) NADPH
(3) CO2

42
Q

products of carbon fixation

A

glucose

43
Q

photorespiration

A

a series of light-driven chemical reactions that consumes oxygen and releases CO2
- undoes photosynthesis

44
Q

when does photorespiration occur?

A

(1) when there are high O2 and low CO2 concentrations inside plant cells
(2) when stomata must be kept closed to prevent dehydration

45
Q

plants that use photorespiration

A

(1) C4 plants

(2) CAM plants

46
Q

CAM plants

A

(crassulacean acid metabolism)

a variant type of photosynthesis in which CO2 is fixed and stored in organic acids at night when stomata are open and then released to feed the Calvin cycle during the day when stomata are closed

  • helps reduce water loss and CO2 loss by photorespiration
47
Q

C4 plants

A

perform C4 photosynthesis

  • carbon fixation & the Calvin cycle occur in separate cells
48
Q

C4 plant facts

A

(1) live in hot, moist environments
(2) 15% of plants: grasses, corn, sugarcane
(3) divides photosynthesis equally
(4) light reaction - mesophyll cells
(5) Calvin cycle - bundle sheath cells
(6) reactions separated in space

49
Q

CAM plant facts

A

(1) live in hot, dry environments
(2) 5% of plants: cactus & ice plants
(3) stomates closed during day
(4) stomates open during the night
(5) light reaction occurs during the day
(6) Calvin cycle occurs when CO2 is present
(7) reactions separated in time

50
Q

nonvascular plant

A

(bryophytes) plants that lack vascular tissue

- do not make seeds

51
Q

vascular tissue

A

specialized group of cells that conduct water or dissolved nutrients throughout the plant body

52
Q

seedless vascular plant

A

plants that have well-developed vascular tissue

- do not make seeds

53
Q

seed

A

a plant reproductive structure consisting of an embryo

  • stores nutritive tissue
  • surrounded by a tough protective layer (seed coat)
54
Q

seed plant

A

plants that have vascular tissue

- make seeds

55
Q

gymnosperm

A

a vascular plant that makes seeds but does not produce flowers
- form 5 lineages

56
Q

angiosperm

A

a flowering vascular plant that produces seeds within mature ovaries (fruits)
- form a single lineage

57
Q

plant tissue systems

A

(1) root system
(2) shoot system
(3) leaf
(4) dermal tissue
(5) ground tissue
(6) vascular tissue
(7) secondary growth

58
Q

root system

A

belowground portion of plant

59
Q

function of root system

A

(1) anchor plant

(2) take in water/nutrients from soil

60
Q

shoot system

A

aboveground portion of plant

  • repeating series of nodes, internodes, leaves and buds
  • does not increase in size over time
  • grows through plant lifetime
  • responds to changes in environment conditions
  • grows in directions that maximize chances of capturing light
61
Q

function of shoot system

A

harvest light & carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to produce sugars

62
Q

taproot

A

a large, vertical main root of a plant’s root system

63
Q

lateral root

A

a plant root that extends horizontally from another root

64
Q

herbaceous plants

A

seed plants without woody tissue

65
Q

perennial

A

describing a plant whose life cycle normally lasts for more than one year
- root preserved even if fire destroys the aboveground plant

66
Q

phenotypic plasticity

A

form can change in response to environmental conditions

67
Q

adventitious root

A

a root that develops from a plant’s shoot system instead of from the plant’s root system

(ie) corn plants

68
Q

prop root

A

type of adventitious root that helps brace individuals in windy weather

(ie) corn plants)

69
Q

pneumatophore

A

specialized lateral roots that function in gas exchange

(ie) mangrove

70
Q

contractile root

A

roots that shorten to pull the organism deeper into the soil

(ie) roots of onion

71
Q

stem

A

vertical, aboveground structures that make up the shot system of plants

72
Q

node

A

part of the stem where leaves or leaf buds are attached

73
Q

internode

A

segments in between nodes

74
Q

leaf

A

appendage that projects from the stem laterally

- FCN: photosynthetic organs

75
Q

axillary bud

A

bud that forms where leaves attach to the stem

- may develop into lateral branch

76
Q

branch

A

lateral extension of the shoot system

77
Q

apical bud

A

bud at the tip of a stem or branch where growth occurs to length the stem or branch

78
Q

stolon

A

stems that run (horizontal) over the soil surface
- produce new stems at nodes

(ie) strawberries

79
Q

rhizome

A

stems that grow underground horizontally
- produce new individuals at noeds belowground

(ie) corn

80
Q

tuber

A

rhizomes modified to store carbohydrates belowground

(ie) potatoes

81
Q

thorn

A

stems that protect the plant from herbivore

82
Q

blade

A

expanded portion of leaf

83
Q

petiole

A

stalk of a leaf

84
Q

leaf morphological diversity

A

(1) leaves may be compound
(2) leaves can be needle-like
(3) blades may vary in size & shape

85
Q

compound leaves

A

leaves with blades that are divided into series of leaflets

86
Q

doubly compound leaves

A

leaves where the leaflets are divided more than once

87
Q

function of needle-like leaves

A

smaller surface area —-> reduce likehood of water loss through transpiration

88
Q

transpiration

A

loss of water from aboveground plant parts

- occurs primarily through stomata

89
Q

types of leaf arrangement

A

(1) opposite
(2) whorl
(3) alternate
(4) basal

90
Q

sun leaf

A

leaves with a relatively small surface area, which reduces water loss in areas of the body where light is abundant

91
Q

shade leaf

A

relatively large and broad leaves

- provide high surface area that maximizes absorption of rare photons

92
Q

types of modified leaves

A

(1) spine
(2) succulents
(3) tendrils
(4) floral mimics / poinsetta leaves
(5) traps / carnivory leaves
(6) onion bulbs

93
Q

spine

A

modified leaves that protect the stem

94
Q

onion bulb

A

specialized for storing nutrients

- carb rich

95
Q

succulent

A

thick leaves that store water

(ie) aloe leaves

96
Q

tendril

A

modified leaflets or leaves that enable the plant to climb

(ie) peas

97
Q

meristem

A

population of undifferentiated cells that retain the ability to undergo mitosis and produce new cells
- equivalent to stem cells

98
Q

apical meristem

A

meristem located at the tip of each root & shoot

99
Q

primary growth

A

growth process where an increase in the length of stems and roots due to the activity of apical meristems

100
Q

trichome function

A

*depends on species

1) keep leaf surface cool by reflecting sunlight
2) reduce water loss by forming a dense mat that limits transpiration
3) provide barbs, or store toxic compounds that thwart herbivores
4) trap & digest insects

BIO225 (26 decks)

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