Ch 4

Question 0

Chromosomes

Answer 0

• contains many genes
• molecule of DNA
• every cell has 46 chromosomes (except egg and sperm)

Question 1

Genotype and phenotype

Answer 1

•Genotype 
-specific genetic makeup
-perform with birth
-never change
Phenotype 
-observable characteristics
-can be changed by other genes, envronment

Question 2

• Heritability

* Heritability coefficient

Answer 2

• How much of the variation in a characteristic within a population can be attributed to genetic differences
• Estimate of how much of characteristic is due to genetic factors

Question 3

Concordance or co-occurrence

Answer 3

• higher concordance rate: people are more likely related to one another
• how study?
- twin study, adoption study
- result: adopted children frequently more like biological parents
identical twins more similar even they reared apart

Question 4

Polygenic transmission

Answer 4

multiple gene pairs influence phenotype

Question 5

Genetic Engineering

Answer 5

• Recombination DNA procedures
- enzymes cut DNA
- combined with DNA from another organism
-inserted into host cell
• Gene knockout
- particular function of gene is eliminated
• Problem
- few behaviors are controlled by single gene

Question 6

Reaction range

Answer 6

• refers to how people have different reactions and attributes, although they had the same stimuli and environment as others.
• for example, two twins can grow up in the same environment, yet IQs can be vastly different
• reaction range may cover 15-20 IQ points

Question 7

Behavior genetics & personality

Answer 7

• Study: is there a genetic component to our personality
• Need to study
  - genetic contribution
  - shared family environment
  - unique personal experience
• How to study
  - identical twins reared

Question 8

Evolution

Answer 8

• evolutionary psychology
- How behavior and tendencies have evolved in response to environmental demands
• evolution
- change over time in frequency with which genes occur within an interbreeding population
• mutation
- create genetic variation, making evolution possible
- can be passed to offspring

Question 9

Adaptions

Answer 9

• adaptions

• broad: learn language, reason logically
• domain-specific: solve particular problem(mate selection)

Question 10

Evolutionary personality theory

Answer 10

• found universally
- extraversion
• help achieve 2 goals
- survival & reproduction

Question 11

Mating system

Answer 11

People look for gender to have offspring. Gender with highest parental investment (usually female) are more popular and more discriminating in mate selection.

Question 12

Monogamous

Answer 12

• Two parents have equal parental investment

* Little sexual dimorphism between males and females

Question 13

• Polyandry
• Polygynous
• Polygynandry

Answer 13

• one female - many males
• one male - many females
• many male and females

Question 14

Initial attraction

Answer 14

• physical proximity
- people are attracted by who are similar to them
- best indicator of whom we will meet
• mere exposure effect
- repeated exposure to a stimulus increases our liking to it

Question 15

Two way of helping another

Answer 15

•cooperation
- (e.g.) cooperating to achieve a goal
•altruism
- one individual helps another but there are costs involved
- (e.g.) putting oneself in danger to help aother

Question 16

Two theories of altruism

Answer 16

• Kin selection

* Reciprocal altruism

Question 17

Prosocial behaviour

Answer 17

• socialization: children act more prosocially if taught empathy
• cultural influence: india

Question 18

Aggression

Answer 18

•why aggression?
-evolutionarily: protect mate, food, territory, young
–intra-species: establishing dominant position, sexual jealousy & homicide

Question 19

Evolutionary fallacies

Answer 19

•Genetic determinism: can’t be changed
-In fact: genes work through the environment, environment often determines placement; important pursuit: understanding interaction b/t biology and experience, importance of culture, environment, biology
•Social Darwinism: survival of the fittest
-In fact: Darwin did not claim “s o t f”; strong do not have right to exploit the weak
•Defending the status quo: evolution gave us a trait that must be good
-“nature” is not a metric of what is morally right

Question 20

How to quell or solve aggression?

Answer 20

•Adaptive purpose for aggression (evolution)
 -divide limited resources
 -forming social alliances
•Dominance hierarchy
 -set access to resources