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APK2100 Exam 1 > Ch. 4 > Flashcards

Ch. 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic components of all tissues?

A

Cells and extracellular matrix

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2
Q

What are the four basic tissue types and their major general function?

A

covering, support, movement (blood, urine, etc.), control

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3
Q

What are general characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A

arranged in continuous sheets (single or multiple layers)

  • cells are closely packed together and have very little extracellular matrix.
  • found at interface environments (boundary between two different environments)
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4
Q

What are the general types of epithelium and their locations?

A
  • Covering and lining epithelium
  • –covers outer surfaces—> skin
  • –lining inner surfaces —> stomach, mouth, nasal cavity, vagina, bladder, uterus (all hollow organs have epithethelium lining the inside)
  • Glandular epithelium
  • –forms most glands of the body
  • –sweat glands, oil glands, milk glands, pituitary (releases hormones located in the brain
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5
Q

What are general functions of epithelium?

A
  • Protection of underlying tissues
  • secretion
  • absorption
  • diffusion
  • filtration
  • sensory reception
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6
Q

What are special characteristics of epithelia?

A
  • High cellularity
  • specialized contacts (specialized proteins that allow these cells to link up in special ways)
  • Polarity (has two different sides; apical and basal surface)
  • Support of connective tissue from the basement membrane
  • avascular
  • nervous innervation
  • regeneration (set up to repair themselves very well because they are usually undergoing lots of damage)
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7
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

Underlaying connective tissue

  • basal lamina (secreted by the epithelial tissue; considered to be apart of the epithelial tissue)
  • reticular lamina (secreted by underlaying connective tissue)
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8
Q

What is the function of simple squamous epithelium and where is it mainly located?

A

Function: allows the passage of stuff via diffusion or filatration in areas where protection is not really needed; also secrete serous fluid
Locations: kidney glomeruli, lung air sacs, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, ventral cavity (lining)

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9
Q

What is endothelium and mesothelium?

A

Endothelium- simple squamous epithelial tissue lining the inside of blood vessels
Mesothelium- simple squamous epithelial tissue lining serous membranes.

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10
Q

What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium and where is it mainly located?

A

Function: secretion and absorption
Locations: tubular like structures = kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands.

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11
Q

What is the function of simple columnar epithelial tissue and where is it mainly located?

A

Contains goblet cells
Function: absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances. (some are ciliated but she will not show a photo of this).
Locations: forms most of the digestive tract.

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12
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

Single celled gland that secrete things on a free surface. there is no duct in this gland because it is single celled.

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13
Q

How do goblet cells work in the digestive tract?

A

They secrete mucin and when that mucin is combined with water is makes mucus and it serves as a lubricant for things passing through the digestive tract.

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14
Q

What is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue and where is it mainly located?

A

-ONLY CILIATED EPITHELIUM SHE WILL ASK ABOUT
Function: secretion of mainly mucus (so lots of goblet cells) and propulsion of mucus via the ciliary action (mucus catches the stuff and the cilia move it up so we can swallow or spit it out)
Location: ciliated variety lines the trachea and most of the upper repiratory tract; nonciliated lines sperm carry ducts and ducts of large glands.

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15
Q

Everytime you have stratified epithelium, what is it’s main function?

A

Protection

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16
Q

What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium and where it is mainly located?

A

Function: protect underlying tissues in areas of abrasion
Locations: Nonkeratinized (nuclei in the apical surface) forms the lining of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina. Keratinized (no nuceli in the apical surface) forms the epidermis of the skin and a dry membrane.

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17
Q

What is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelium and the locations of it mainly?

A

-Rare; Generally found in two layers and either seen in tunnel like or ring like.
Functions: Protection
Locations: largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands.

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18
Q

What is the function of stratified columnar epithelial cells and where are they mainly located?

A

Function: protection and secretion (has not cilia comparedto pseduostratified; good way to determine the difference on exam)
Location: rare in the body, small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands.

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19
Q

What is the function of tight junctions and where are they mostly located?

A

Function: to form a very tight seal between adjacent cells that form a fluid barrier so that none of the fluid can actually pass between cells —> prevent fluid from leaking between cells and making it to the basement membrane.
Locations: found in tissue types that are going up against fluid (urinary bladder, going up against urine).

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20
Q

How are these tight junctions formed?

A

In the plasma membranes of the cells there is an arrangement of transmembrane proteins (like a riveting pattern). in some locations these proteins come together and fuse and hold tightly

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21
Q

What is the function of desmosomes and where are they mostly located?

A

-Known as anchoring junctions
Function: bind adjacent cells together and help form an internal tension-reducing network of fibers.
Locations: found on areas where you have lots of distortion of tissues (skin).

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22
Q

How are these desmosomes (anchoring junctions) formed?

A

Transmembrane proteins called linker glycoproteins (cadherins) are embedded on a plaque that is located on the inside of the cell and from the plaque are intermediate filaments (keratin) extending.
The linker glycoproteins (cadherins) are joined together like the teeth of a zipper.
If they try to pull them apart, the linker proteins will catch on each other like the teeth of a zipper.

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23
Q

What is the function of gap junction and where are they mostly located?

A

Function: for cell coupling
Electrical coupling: passing of ions from one cell to the next
metabolic coupling: passing of glucose and other nutrients form cell to the next
Location: in electrical types of tissues =cardiac myocytes, epidermis (epithelium is avascular so they need to receive stuff from the underlaying connective tissue…this is how it’s done, allow for nutrients from the blood to go up into the epithelial tissue).

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24
Q

How do gap junctions work?

A

Two adjacent cells have transmembrane proteins in their plasma membranes, and these transmembrane proteins line up together and form a tunnel/channel called a CONNEXON so that ICF from each cell can travel through.

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25
Q

What are microvilli (microvillus single) and where are they mainly located?

A
  • non motile finger like projections made up of actin mircofilaments that are running up the core of each microvillus.
  • digestive tract
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26
Q

What is the function of microvilli?

A

To increase surface area to be able to absorb and secrete more.
-Actin filaments push the plasma membrane up increasing the surface area and therefore the amount that is absorbed or secreted.

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27
Q

What are cilia (cilium single)?

A

longer projections than microvilli made of microtubules and help move things along the surface of the cell by performing whip like actions.

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28
Q

What are glands?

A

Epithelia that make and secrete aqueous fluids that usually contain proteins or glycoproteins such as hormones, sweat/oils (integumentary system), mucous (digestive and respiratory tract), bile and digestive enzymes ( liver, largest gland in the body), milk (mammary glands).

29
Q

How are things secreted from the glands?

A

Via exocytosis and requires energy.

30
Q

What are the different classification of glands?

A

Endocrine and Exocrine

31
Q

What are endocrine glands?

A

Glands that secrete hormones directly into the ECF and is then diffused into the bloodstream WITHOUT a duct.

  • The effector organs here are far away.
  • Method of travel is via blood stream
32
Q

What are effector organs?

A

The target cell or organ that is going to ACCEPT that hormone.

33
Q

What are exocrine glands?

A
  • Glands whose secretions flow onto body surfaces or into cavities.
  • Effector organ is nearby because these secretions act locally.
  • There are multicellular (via a duct) and unicellular (no duct) exocrine glands.
34
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

Unicellular exocrine glands

  • secrete mucin (combined in water forms mucus)
  • secretory vesicles containing mucin are pinched off and released into the apical surface of the tissue
  • found alot near the apical surface of epithelial cells in the digestive tract
35
Q

What are multicellular exocrine glands?

A
  • Duct portion is a continuation of the apical surface cells and acts to transport the product out onto the free surface where it’s going to be used
  • Secretory portion: these cells are actually making and exocytosing the product. product begins to fill up until in the duct portion.
36
Q

What are the four main categories of connective tissue?

A
  • Connective tissue proper
  • Cartilage
  • bone
  • blood
37
Q

What is the most diverse and abundant type of tissue?

A

Connective tissue

38
Q

What are general characteristics of connective tissue?

A

Few cells (far apart) and lot more extracellular matrix

  • all derive from mesenchyme
  • the extracellular matrix can have elastic, reticular, and collagen fibers
  • ground substance depends on the cell (fibrocyte will secrete proteins and sugar proteins out into the Extracellular matrix).
39
Q

What is mesenchyme?

A

embryonic cells that will become either fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, hematopoietic stem cells,

40
Q

What are collagen fibers and their function?

A
  • largest in diameter
  • made from smaller rope like structures called collagen fibrils that are twined together
  • it is the strongest type of fiber
  • function: tensile strength- strength if pulled in one certain direction.
41
Q

What are elastic fibers and their function?

A

-intermediate in diameter (long, thin fibers)
-networked fibers, like a mesh
Function: recoil - stretchy and elastic but also have the ability to recoil back to its normal resting state.

42
Q

What are reticular fibers and their function?

A

-smallest in diameter (must be seen at a HIGH magnification) if they are seen, nothing else can be seen. thats how far you have to zoom in.
-special collagen fibrils
-cluster into networks (like pantyhose, where if you stretch it you see holes but that there are tiny little fibers interwoven and have some elasticity but if you punch through it, it’s pretty strong).
Function: support- usually found where we need the epithelial to stick to the connective tissue

43
Q

What is vitamin c necessary for?

A
  • crosslinkage of collagen fibrils to make collagen fibers

- helps hold teeth in place, reinforces blood vessels, and wound healing

44
Q

What is areolar loose connective tissue proper, what type of fibers are present, function, and locations?

A
  • Has collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers (too small to see)
  • Function: wrap and cushion organs and help make the basement membrane underneath the epithelial tissues (because of this it’s the most abundant)
  • Locations: widely distributes underneath epithelial tissue, forms lamina propria of mucous membranes, surrounds capillaries, packages organs,
45
Q

What is the lamina propria?

A

basement membrane of some kind of serous/mucous membrane

46
Q

What is adipose loose connective tissue proper, function, and locations?

A

-same matrix as loose areolar connective tissue proper except very sparse.
-adipocytes are very packed together
-nucelus is pushed to the side because of the lipid droplet (an inclusion)
-Function: provides reserve food fuel; sulates against heat loss, supports and protects organs
Locations: under the skin in the hypodermis, around the kidneys and eyeballs, within abdomen, in breasts.

47
Q

What is reticular loose connective tissue proper, function and locations?

A

-Need very high magnification to see this
-looks like berries on a tree (berries are nuclei of the reticular fibers –>fibrocytes, fibroblasts)
-will find lots of immune based cells such as white blood cells, mast cells, macrophages.
Function: fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types including white blood cells, mast cells, macrophages.
Locations: bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes.

48
Q

What is dense regular connective tissue proper, function, and location?

A

-Primarily collagen fibers running parallel but there are some elastic fibers.
-few fibroblasts
Function: withstand great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction.
Location: tendons, ligaments

49
Q

What is dense irregular connective tissue proper, function, and location?

A

-Irregularly arranged collagen fibers and some elastic fibers.
-Fibroblast is the main cell type
Function: irregularity allows for it to be stretched in all different directions and have strength in all those directions, provide structural strength
Location: fibrous capsules of organs and of joints, dermis of the skin, submucosa of the digestive tract.

50
Q

What is dense elastic connective tissue proper, function, and location?

A

-full of elastic fibers so we know it will have the ability to stretch and recoil
Functions: allows recoil of tissues, maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries, aids passive recoil of lungs following repiration.
Locations: walls of large arteries, within certain ligaments of the vertebral column, within the walls of the bronchial tubes.

51
Q

What is hyaline cartilage, functions, and locations?

A

-Densely packed collagen fibrils, matrix gives off this glassy appearance
-each lacuna (lacunae plural) has one or two chondrocytes
-squishy yet pliable type of cartilage
Functions: supports and reinforces , resists compressive stress, serves as reislient cushion.
Locations: embryonic skeleton, covers the ends of long joints, costal cartilages, nose, trachea, larynx

52
Q

What is elastic cartilage, functions, and locations?

A

-has elastic fibers between lacunae
Functions: maintains shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility
locations: supports outer ear (pinna) and epiglottis

53
Q

What is fibrocartilage, functions, and locations?

A

-hyaline cartilage combined with dense regular connective tissue proper.
-collagen fibers are tightly packed in parallel arrangement
-lacunae are found in rows or groups
Functions: tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock
Locations: intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, discs of knee joint

54
Q

What is bone (osseous) tissue, function, location?

A

-calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers, -osteocytes lie in lacunae
-very vascularized
-has a hollow center called the central canal
-central canal is the place for blood vessels and nerves to run through
-lamellae are the rings around the central canal
Functions: stores calcium, marrow inside of bone is the site for blood cell formation, supports and protects
Locations: bone

55
Q

What is blood connective tissue, function, location?

A

-red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)
Function: transport respiratory gasses, nutrients, wastes, other substances
locations: inside blood vessels

56
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

Biconcave discs, no organelles

57
Q

Why are eythrocytes in biconcave discs?

A

increases surface area to promote fast gas exchange and allows them to squeeze through tiny capillaries

58
Q

What is skeletal muscle, function, and locations?

A

-long cylindrical, peripherally placed multinucleated cells with striations
Functions: voluntary movement, contraction leads to movement of either the body or the skin
also involuntary because it keeps the musces contracting without us cognitively thinking about it (blinking, swallowing the spit that accumulates in our mouths)
Locations: skeletal muscles attached to bones or occassionaly to skin.

59
Q

What is cardiac muscle, functions, and locations?

A
  • branches, striated, and has intercalated discs
    functions: contracts and propels blood into circulation, involuntary control
    locations: walls of the heart
60
Q

what are intercalated discs?

A

sites of junction between the myocytes in cardiac muscle

  • lots of proteins in the plasma membranes in these locations
  • –usually desmosomes (holding the cells together) and gap junctions (electrical coupling, allow for all the cells to get excited at once and contract)
61
Q

What is smooth muscle, functions, and locations?

A

-no striations
-spindle shaped cells
-looks like stratified squamous but its not because there is no free surface
-cells close together to form sheets
Functions: involuntarily propels food substances, babies out of the uterus, blood through the blood vessels.

62
Q

What is nervous tissue, functions, locations?

A

-neurons with lots of processes supported by neuroglia (black dots that are in the matrix are the nuclei of the neuroglia)
Functions: transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) that control the activity of the effector organs.
Locations: brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

63
Q

What does a neuron look like and what is it?

A

Functional cell in the nervous tissue

  • has a large body called a soma
  • in the soma is where we find the majority of organelles and the nucelus
  • extending from the soma are processes
  • –the tree branch looking ones are called dendrites
  • –the very long one is called the axon
64
Q

What are dendrites?

A

receptive processes that are receiving and bringing information towards the soma

65
Q

What are axons?

A

long process that is carrying information away from the soma

66
Q

Which tissues are good regenerators?

A

epithelium and bone

67
Q

What tissues are poor regenerators?

A

skeletal muscle and cartilage

68
Q

What tissues do not regenerate?

A

Nervous and cardiac muscle tissue

APK2100 Exam 1 (4 decks)

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