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micro > ch 4 > Flashcards

ch 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryote

A 
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
One circular chromosome, not in a membrane
No histones
No organelles
Peptidoglycan cell walls
Binary fission
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2
Q

Eukaryote

A 
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Paired chromosomes, in nuclear membrane
Histones
Organelles
Polysaccharide cell walls
Mitotic spindle
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3
Q

three basic shapes of bacteria

A

COCCUS BACILLUS SPIRAL

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4
Q

COCCUS BACILLUS SPIRAL

Average size

A

0.2 -1.0 µm  2 - 8 µm (1 x 10-6 m)

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5
Q

COCCUS BACILLUS SPIRAL

Are unicellular and

A

most multiply by binary fission

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6
Q

Bacteria Pairs

A

diplococci, diplobacilli

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7
Q

Bacteria Clusters

A

staphylococci

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8
Q

Bacteria Chains

A

streptococci, streptobacilli

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9
Q

Arrangements of cocci

A

Can be determined by division of planes

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10
Q

Unusual shapes (Prokaryotes)

A

Star-shaped Stella
Square Haloarcula (halophilic archaea – salt-loving)
Most bacteria are monomorphic (single shape)
A few are pleomorphic (many shapes)

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11
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Outside cell wall
Usually sticky
A capsule is neatly organized
A slime layer is unorganized & loose glycocalyx
Extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) allows cell to attach
Capsules prevent phagocytosis
Protects against dehydration or loss of nutrients.

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12
Q

Flagella

A

Long filamentous appendages of a filament, hook, and basal body
Outside cell wall
Made of chains of flagellin
Attached to a protein hook
Anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body

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13
Q

Motile Cells

A

Rotate flagella to run or tumble
Move toward or away from stimuli (positive and negative taxis)
Flagella H proteins are antigens (e.g., E. coli O157:H7)

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14
Q

A Proteus cell swarming

A

may have 1000+ peritrichous flagella. (from all sides)

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15
Q

Axial Filaments (endoflagellum)

A

Endoflagella
In spirochetes
Anchored at one end of a cell
Rotation causes cell to move

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16
Q

Fimbriae and Pili

A

Are short, thin appendages
Fimbriae of this E. Coli cell allow attachment (velcro). Cell is beginning to divide.
Pili are used to transfer DNA from one cell to another

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17
Q

Cell Wall does…

A

Prevents osmotic lysis (protects against changes in water pressure)
Made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria = NAG+NAM+amino acids) – penicillin interferes with production of peptidoglycan
Contributes to disease capability and site of action of some antibiotics

18
Q

Gram-positive cell walls

A 
Thick peptidoglycan
Teichoic acids (alcohol+phosphate)
19
Q

Gram-negative cell walls

A 
Thin peptidoglycan (subject to mechanical breakage)
No teichoic acids
Outer membrane:
Evades phagocytosis
Barrier to certain anti-biotics
20
Q

Gram Stain Mechanism

A

Crystal violet-iodine (CV-I) crystals form in cell combining with peptidoglycan
Gram-positive
Alcohol dehydrates peptidoglycan
CV-I crystals do not leave
Gram-negative
Alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes in peptidoglycan
CV-I washes out

21
Q

Atypical Cell Walls

Mycoplasmas (Genus)

A

Lack cell walls

Sterols in plasma membrane

22
Q

Atypical Cell Walls

Archaea

A

Wall-less, or

Walls of pseudomurein (lack NAM and D amino acids, peptidoglycan)

23
Q

Plasma Membrane – Fluid Mosaic Model

A 
Selectively permeable
Phospholipid bilayer
Peripheral proteins
Integral proteins
Transmembrane proteins
Membrane is as viscous as olive oil.
Proteins move to function
Phospholipids rotate and move laterally
Selective permeability allows passage of some molecules
Enzymes for ATP production
24
Q

Movement Across Membranes

A

High to low concentration:
Movement may be passive (no energy expenditure – diffusion or facilitated diffusion):
Simple diffusion: Movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. (ions move until equilibrium reached)
Facilitative diffusion: Solute combines with a transporter protein in the membrane.

25
Q

Osmosis (always involves water):

A

Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower water.
Osmotic pressure
The pressure needed to stop the movement of water across the membrane.

26
Q

reverse Osmosis?

A

Low to high concentration (against gradient) – cell must expend energy:
Active transport of substances requires a transporter protein and ATP.
Group translocation of substances requires a transporter protein and PEP. (phospheonolpyruvic acid)

27
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Cytoplasm is the fluid substance inside the plasma membrane (water, inorganic and organic molecules, DNA, ribosomes, and inclusions)

28
Q

Nuclear Area

A 
Nuclear area (nucleoid) – contains single long, continuous, double-stranded DNA called bacterial chromosome.
Bacteria can contain plasmids – circular DNA
29
Q

Ribosomes = rRNA + proteins

A

Sites of protein synthesis (rRNA) – free floating, not tied to endoplasmic reticulum as in eukaryotes.

30
Q

Endospores

A 
Resting cells formed for survival
Sporulation: Endospore formation
Resistant to desiccation, heat, chemicals
Bacillus, Clostridium
Germination: Return to vegetative state
31
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
Prokaryote comes from the Greek words for prenucleus.
Eukaryote comes from the Greek words for true nucleus

32
Q

Eukaryotic Flagella and Cilia

A

Prokaryotic flagella rotate, eukaryotic flagella wave
Euglena (evolutionary
building block)

33
Q

Flagella and Cilia

A

Flagella are few and long (motility), cilia are numerous and short (motility and move substances along cell surface)
Microtubules
Tubulin
9 pairs + 2 arrangements

34
Q

Organelles

A

Specialized membrane-bound structure in cytoplasm:
Nucleus Contains chromosomes (DNA)
ER Transport network, ribosomes
Golgi complex Membrane formation and protein secretion
Lysosome Digestive enzymes
Vacuole Brings food into cells and provides support
Mitochondrion Cellular respiration (ATP)
Chloroplast Photosynthesis (70S ribosomes)
Peroxisome Oxidation of fatty acids; destroys H2O2

35
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Rough ER contains ribosomes – site of protein translation

Smooth ER performs various functions:
Synthesizes phospholipids, fats, steroids
In liver: glucose release and detoxify toxins
Creates vesicles

36
Q

Golgi Complex

A

Golgi complex modifies, sorts, and packages proteins received from the ER; discharges proteins via exocytosis; replaces portions of the plasma membrane; and forms lysosomes (digestive enzymes).

37
Q

cocci names w/ shapes

A

diblococci (split pea), stretocci (chain), tetrad (2x2=quad), sarcinae (stacked 2x2=8), staphylocci (cluster)

38
Q

bacilli names w/ shapes

A

single bacilli (1 rounded rectangle), diplobacilli (2 rounded rectangle), streptobacilli (4 linked), coccobacillius (squished jelly bean)

39
Q

spiral names w/ shapes

A

vibrio (banana), sprillium (2 curves), spirochete (4 curves)

40
Q

flagella names w/ shapes

A

monotrchous (pussy willow), amphitrichous (stretched slinky), lophotrichous (hotdog w/ 4 legs), peritrichous (squid)

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