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Freshman year > Ch 4 - genetics > Flashcards

Ch 4 - genetics Flashcards

biology :(

1
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

two genetically SIMILAR chromosomes, one from each parent

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2
Q

Random segregation of one member of each homologous pair of chromosomes into games defines…

A

Law of independent assortment

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3
Q

Chromosomal basis of down syndrome

A

Trisomy 21
karyotype has a total of 47 chromosomes

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4
Q

If diploid number is 14, haploid number is…

A

7

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5
Q

What events contribute to genetic diversity

A

independent assortment
crossing over
random fertilization of gametes

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6
Q

After telophase 1, chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell is…

A

haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of two chromatids

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7
Q

tetrads of chromosomes are aligned at the equator of the cell; alignment determines indep assortment defines…

A

metaphase 1

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8
Q

Recombinants

A

crossed over genes

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9
Q

Prophase 1

A

Homologous pairs pair up
crossing over
spindle forms

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10
Q

Metaphase 1

A

chromosomes pair line up at the equator randomly

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11
Q

Law of indep assortment

A

the homologous pairs line up randomly; adds gen. variety

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12
Q

Anaphase 1

A

homologous pairs separate

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13
Q

When can nondisjunction happen?

A

Anaphase 1 or 2

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14
Q

When is nondisjunction more damaging?

A

Anaphase 1 - will result in all 4 cells being wrong

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15
Q

Law of segregation

A

separating conflicting alleles

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16
Q

nondisjunction

A

when homologous pairs/chromatids stick together and results in gametes with a wrong number of chromosomes

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17
Q

telophase 1

A

cell pinches in and separates into 2 HAPLOID cells

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18
Q

In prophase 2, does it start with the homologous partners?

A

no- homo pairs were separated in anaphase

19
Q

Metaphase 2

A

single chromosomes line up in middle of the cell (opp as before)

20
Q

anaphase 2

A

sister CHROMATIDS separate (like mitosis)

21
Q

telophase 2

A

both 2 cells linch inward and form a total of 4 haploid genetically diff cells

22
Q

In the ovary, the cells divide unevenly and…

A

3 will form polar bodies and 1 egg that will receive most of the cytoplasm so it can nourish the developing embryo for fertilization

23
Q

Why do gametes need to be haploid?

A

when they join, the baby will have the correct diploid number

24
Q

What is Reduction Division

A

Reduction of one diploid cell into 2 haploid cells and then divides those 2 cells into 4 haploids

25
Q

XX

A

female

26
Q

XY

A

male

27
Q

XXY

A

Klinefelter Syndrome (2n +1) - results in sterility, female sex characteristics; male

28
Q

X

A

Turner Syndrome (2n-1) - results in sterility, petite/short, not strong

29
Q

Missing part of chromosome

A

Cri Du chat syndrome - crossing over is not reattached properly

30
Q

Trisomy 18

A

Edward Syndrome -

31
Q

Who was the first to analyze patterns of inheritance and create the two laws in gens

A

Gregor Mendel

32
Q

P gen, F1, F2

A

parents, kids, grandkids

33
Q

Testcross

A

mating between individual of unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive indv
(e.g. P_ x pp)

34
Q

sex-linked

A

carried on X chromosome
e.g muscular dystrophy, color blindness, hemophilia, baldness

35
Q

pleiotropy

A

impact of a single gene on more than one characteristic (e.g sickle cell disease)

36
Q

Polygenic inheritance

A

combined effects of 2+ genes on a single characteristic (e.g skin color)

37
Q

incomplete dominance

A

Blended phenotype
e.g.
HH = red
Hh = pink
hh = white

38
Q

co-dominance

A

Both alleles show up
e.g.
HH = red
Hh = red and white
hh= white

39
Q

recessive disorders

A

albinism, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell, ect

40
Q

dominant disorders

A

Achondroplasia (dwarfism), alzheimers, huntingtons

41
Q

invasive fetal testing

A

amniocentesis, CVS, fetoscopy

42
Q

noninvasive fetal testing

A

ultrasound imaging

43
Q

Gene linkage

A

alleles that STAY together on the same chromosome the whole time (e.g. red hair and freckles)

Freshman year (22 decks)

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