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APK2100 Exam 1 > Ch. 5 > Flashcards

Ch. 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main organ and accessory organs of the integumentary system?

A

Main organ: skin, largest organ

Accessory organs: hair, nails, oil & sweat glands.

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2
Q

What are the two layers of the skin?

A

Epidermis and dermis

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3
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A

-thermoregulation
-protection: forms a protective barrier for our internal environment to be separated from the external environment
-sensory reception: vasodialate to get rid of some heat (body turns red because blood is the CT near the skin)
vasoconstrict when too cold to keep vital organs warm
-excretion: release sweat to release heat to protect vital organs
-vitamin d production: important for calcium regulation (necessary to absorb calcium in the digestive tract)

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4
Q

What is the most superficial layer of the skin and what kind of tissue is it?

A

Epidermis

avascular keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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5
Q

What are the 4 principle types of cells found in the epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes (produce keratin)
Melanocytes (produce melanin)
Langerhans cells (dendritic cells) (immune cells)
Merkel cells (tactile epithelial cells)

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6
Q

What is thin skin and how many epidermal layers does it have?

A
  • sometimes referred as “hairy skin”
  • found in areas where little friction is produced on your body regularly
  • most of the body
  • has 4 layers
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7
Q

What is thick skin and how many epidermal layers does it have?

A
  • sometimes referred as hairless skin
  • found in areas where friction commonly develops
  • palms, feet, fingertips, toetips, plantar
  • fiver epidermal layers
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8
Q

What is the order of the epidermis layer?

A
  1. Stratum basale
    2.stratum spinosum
    3.stratum granulosum
  2. stratum lucidum (in thick skin)
    4 OR 5 Stratum corneum
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9
Q

Describe the stratum basale?

A

single row of very mitotically active, always producing daughter cells (young keratinocytes), that will eventually go up and produce the stratum spinosum

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10
Q

What kind of cells are found amongst the young keratinocytes in the stratum basale and what are their functions?

A
  1. Melanocytes (look like an octupus with tentacles, with a large soma and lots of processes extending throughout the stratum basale and the stratum spinosum)
    - –Function: produce melanin and deposit it into the surrounding keratinocytes (melanocytes has little melanin because they are always giving it off to keratinocytes)
    - –are stimulated to make melanin by UV rays
  2. Merkel Cells (tactile epithelial cells): give us the sensation of light touch
    - –has a connection with a sensory nerve so when something lightly touches you, it is going to squish the merkel cells and the shape change will stimulate activity in the sensory nerve ending and it goes to your brain.
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11
Q

Describe the stratum spinosum?

A
  • called the spiny layer because these cells are filled up with lots of intermediate filaments called Tonofilaments.
  • During histological preparation/dehydration process the plasma membrane shrinks (desmosomes are still attached) around these tonofilaments and gives the cell a very spiny look
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12
Q

What are tonofilaments?

A

-Intermediate filaments that are precursors to keratin

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13
Q

What cells are associated with the stratum spinsoum and what is their function?

A

Langerhans cells (dendritic cells)

  • mobile macrophages
  • –will police the cell and phagocytose any bacteria or germs that have gotten through the superficial layers of the epidermis and stop them from reaching the deeper tissues and get into the blood and infect the rest of the body.
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14
Q

Describe the stratum granulosum?

A

Called granulosum because there are two types of granules in this layer

  • lamellar granules
  • keratinohyalin granules
  • First layer where cells are dying and dead at the top layer of the stratum granulosum
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15
Q

What are lamellar granules and their contribution to the stratum granulosum?

A

-Produce glycolipid substance (almost like vasoline or oil) that gets excreted from these cells
-starts filling out the space in between the keratinocytes giving a waterproofing agent to the skin so that water can’t come in or out
Function: prevents water passage across the skin; forms a hydrophobic envelope

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16
Q

What are keratinohyalin granules and their contribution to the stratum granulosum?

A
  • produces keratinohyalin
  • fills up internal contents of the cell, ends up wrapping it up and bathing it with this stuff.
  • basically envelops the tonofilaments and forms keratin and continue to fill up the cell and kill off the rest of the organelles
  • stains dark because of the proteins in this layer
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17
Q

Describe the stratum corneum?

A
  • Cornu means horn-like so the horns of animals are made of a similar type of tissue
  • largest layer (may not look like it but keep in mind that these cells are pressed down and do not have organelles)
  • dead cells are being sloughed off at the most superficial surface because desmosomes are no longer functioning.
  • this is okay because they are constantly being replaced
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18
Q

Describe the stratum lucidum?

A

called this because on histo slides it stains very clearly and light

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19
Q

How long does it take for a new daughter cell to reach the surface of the skin and be sloughed off?

A

3.5-4 weeks

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20
Q

How are tattoos permanent?

A

They are needled into the top layer of the dermis

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21
Q

What are the three pigments that impart varying colors and tones to the skin and hair?

A
  • melanin: gives color hues
  • carotene: gives orange or yellowish type of color
  • hemoglobin: gives red colors
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22
Q

When we look at hair color, what are we actually looking at?

A

The balance between eumelanin and pheomelanin

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23
Q

What type of colors do pheomelanin give off?

A

yellow to red colors, noticeable in the hair

24
Q

What colors does eumelanin give off?

A

brown to black

25
Q

Differences in skin color are due to what?

A

The amount of melanin, not the amount of melanocytes. The amount of melanocytes in humans is relatively the same

26
Q

What are the two reasons we have Dermal papillae?

A
  1. strengthens the dermal-epidermal junction/ without these nipple like projections cells would slide against each other.
  2. enhance surface area for nutrient/gas exchange
27
Q

Where are dermal and epidermal ridges found?

A

In the palms and in the plantars

28
Q

What are dermal and epidermal ridges?

A

Ridges on the apical surface of the epidermis that do not correspond with the dermal papillae
-Mounds of collagen from the underlaying dense irregular connective tissue push up causing the epidermis to bunch up as well into mounds and cause ridges at the apical surface.

29
Q

How do finger prints work?

A
  • In the plantar and palmar regions we have sweat glands
  • when you push down on something, the sweat that is coming from these glands, will go inside of the epidermal ridges and leave a sweaty impression of your fingerprints.
  • basically mirroring you fingerprints
30
Q

What are cleavage lines?

A
  • Less dense bundles of collagen in the reticular dermis that create invisible cleavage lines
  • Surgeons like to cut parallel to the cleavage lines because it heals quicker and leaves a smaller scar
31
Q

Describe the Hypodermis

A
  • Not part of the skin
  • underlies the connective tissue of the dermis
  • made up of loose adipose connective tissue proper
  • varies in thickness depending on the individual
32
Q

What does the Hypodermis contain?

A

-Large blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves whose branches extend into the dermis

33
Q

What is the function of the Hypodermis?

A

Protects underlying structures, insulates, and stores energy

34
Q

What is meant by cutaneous sensation?

A

Our ability to feel things in our environment based off of receptors in our skin.
Most of these receptors are embedded in the dermis but some are associated with the epidermis

35
Q

Where are certain cutaneous sensation structures are dervied from?

A

Epidermis: hair follicles, sweat glands, oil glands

Some structures are from underlying nerves which transmit information to the CNS

36
Q

Where are the encapsulated nerve endings located and what is their function?

A

Below the stratum basale; in the papillary dermis area, can exist deeper in the dermis and even in the hypodermis
-closer to the top: these encapsulated nerve endings are going to serve for sensing damaging temperatures, higher up to prevent damage to tissues underneath.

37
Q

Where are the free nerve endings and what is their function?

A

Located around hair follicles, and in the epidermis.
Gives varying types of sensation
-ones in the epidermis are associated with the merkel cells (langerhans cells) and give us that light touch sensation

38
Q

What are pressure sensors?

A
  • Placed lower in the dermis and and will sense pressure and vibration
  • going to tell us about much deeper types of pressure but are not damaging to the skin.
39
Q

The apendages of the skin are dervied from?

A

Derived from the epidermis but are mainly located in the dermis and sometimes extend down into the hypodermis

40
Q

What are the appendages of the skin?

A
  • Hair
  • Nails
  • sebaceous glands (oil)
  • sweat glands
41
Q

What are nails?

A

-scale-like modification of our epidermis containing keratinocytes full of HARD keratin

42
Q

What is the eponychium?

A

The cuticle of the nail

43
Q

What is the shaft of the hair?

A

What we see

44
Q

What is the bulb of the hair?

A

The widening of the hair in the hair follicle towards the bottom

45
Q

What is the hair follicle and it’s components?

A
  • The column of epithelial tissue that extends downward into the dermis
  • External root sheath is made of stratum basale
  • internal root sheath is made of stratum granulosum and stratum corneum
46
Q

What is the hair root papilla?

A

invagination of the external root sheath where capillaries from the dermis provide nutrition for reproduction of young keratinocytes from the hair matrix cells (located here)

47
Q

What is the hair root?

A

Between the bulb and the shaft

48
Q

What types of cross sections produce straight, curly, wavy hair?

A

circle, oval, half oval/u-shaped

49
Q

Where are the sebaceous glands located?

A

epithelial tissue found everywhere except where we grip things (palms, plantar)

50
Q

What is sebum and it’s function?

A

-oily substance composed of lipids, proteins, and some celullar parts
Functions: - keeps hair/skin soft
-protects against brittle hair/skin
-protects epidermis form cracking
-collects dirt
-impedes water loss across the skin (waterproofing it a little more)

51
Q

How do sebaceous glands work?

A

No individual lumens going into this type of gland

  • these glandular cells fill up with sebum and get bigger until they explode and the sebum leaks out and dumps directly into the hair follicle
  • no big deal when it explodes because epithelial tissue has a high mitotic rate
52
Q

What are eccrine sweat glands and where are they located?

A

Duct opens directly onto skin (does not dump into the hair follicle)
composed of true sweat (saltwater)
-located in the palms, soles, forhead

53
Q

What are apocrine sweat glands and where are they located?

A

Found only in hairy skin (where hair is a bit thicker/different)
-axillary, anal, genital areas only
Duct opens to hair follicle
produces milky sweat - used to combine with the bacteria found in these areas and neutralize the bacteria here. gives off a very pungent odor.

54
Q

What is the structure of eccrine glands?

A

One long tube that goes to the surface of the epidermis but wads up at the bottom.
if you cut the top, you get a cross section of one tube
cut in the wad, get a bunch of ring like images

55
Q

What is the structure of the apocrine glands?

A

has one long tube that goes directly to the hair follicle and wads up at the bottom. very similar in structure to eccrine glands

APK2100 Exam 1 (4 decks)

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