Ch 6

Question 1

ingroup

Answer 1

a group to which we belong and that forms a part of our social identity

Question 2

Outgroup

Answer 2

any group with which we do not share membership

Question 3

Outgroup homogeneity effect

Answer 3

perception of outgroup members as being more similar to one another than are members of one’s ingroup.

Question 4

Stereotypes

Answer 4

beliefs about the personalities, abilities, and motives of a social group that doesn’t allow for individual variation

Question 5

Illusory correlation

Answer 5

the belief that two variables are associated with each other when in fact there is little of no actual association.

Question 6

Prejudice

Answer 6

attitudes toward members of specific groups that directly or indirectly suggest they deserve an inferior social status

Question 7

Explicit prejudice

Answer 7

prejudicial attitudes that are consciously held, even if they are not publicly expressed

Question 8

Discrimination

Answer 8

a negative and/or patronizing action toward members of specific groups

Question 9

Implicit prejudice

Answer 9

unconsciously held prejudicial attitudes

Question 10

Stigma

Answer 10

an attribute that serves to discredit a person in the eyes of others.

Question 11

Stigma

Answer 11

an attribute that serves to discredit a person in the eyes of others.

Question 12

Aversive racism

Answer 12

attitudes toward members of a racial group that incorporate both egalitarian social values and negative emotions, causing one to avoid interaction with members of the group.

Question 13

Racism

Answer 13

prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s racial background

Question 14

Sexism

Answer 14

any attitude, action, or institutional structure that subordinates a person because of her or his sex

Question 15

ambivalent sexism

Answer 15

sexism directed against women based on both positive and negative attitudes (hostility and benevolence) rather than uniform dislike.

Question 16

courtesy stigma

Answer 16

the tendency for individuals who are associated with stigmatized people to face negative evaluations from others.

Question 17

Sexual prejudice

Answer 17

negative attitudes based on sexual orientation, whether the target is homosexual, bisexual, or heterosexual

Question 18

Heterosexism

Answer 18

a system of cultural beliefs, values, and customs that exalts heterosexuality and, denies, denigrates, and stigmatizes any nonheterosexual form of behavior or identity.

Question 19

Stereotype threat

Answer 19

the apprehension people feel when performing a task in which their group is stereotyped to lack ability.

Question 20

In group bias

Answer 20

the tendency to give more favorable evaluations and greater rewards to ingroup members than to outgroup members

Question 21

Social identity theory

Answer 21

a theory suggesting that people seek to enhance their self-esteem by identifying with specific social groups and perceiving these groups as begin better than other groups.

Question 22

Realistic group conflict theory

Answer 22

the theory that intergroup conflict develops from competition for limited resources.

Question 23

Ethnocentrism

Answer 23

a pattern of increased hostility toward outgroups accompanied by increased loyalty to one’s ingroup

Question 24

Superordinate goal

Answer 24

mutually shared goal that can be achieved only through intergroup cooperation.

Question 25

Social dominance theory

Answer 25

a theory contending that societal groups can be organized in a power hierarchy in which the dominant groups enjoy a disproportionate share of the society’s assets and the subordinate groups receive most of its liabilities.

Question 26

Personal group discrimination discrepancy

Answer 26

the tendency for members of disadvantaged groups to minimize personal discrimination in their own lives.

Question 27

System justification theory

Answer 27

a theory proposing that members of disadvantaged groups often adopt beliefs endorsing the legitimacy and fairness of the unequal group status hierarchy in society.

Question 28

Authoritarian personality

Answer 28

a personality trait characterized by submissiveness to authority, rigid adherence to conventional values, and prejudice toward outgroups.

Question 29

Contact hypothesis

Answer 29

the theory that under certain conditions, groups will reduce prejudice.

Question 30

Intergroup anxiety

Answer 30

anxiety due to anticipating negative consequences when interacting with an outgroup member.

Question 31

Jigsaw classroom

Answer 31

a cooperative grouplearning technique designed to reduce prejudice and raise self-esteem.