Ch. 7 - Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Question 1

when oxygen is used in cellular respiration

Answer 1

aerobic respiration

Question 2

input of glycolysis

Answer 2

glucose

Question 3

output of glycolysis

Answer 3

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

Question 4

occurs when an enzyme directly transfers a phosphate from a phosphorylated organic molecule to ADP

Answer 4

substrate-level phosphorylation

Question 5

inputs of breakdown of pyruvate

Answer 5

2 pyruvate

Question 6

outputs of breakdown of pyruvate

Answer 6

2 acetyl groups, 2 CO2 molecules, 2 NADH

Question 7

inputs of citric acid cycle

Answer 7

2 acetyl groups

Question 8

outputs of citric acid cycle

Answer 8

4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

Question 9

inputs of oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 9

6 NADH, 2 FADH2

Question 10

outputs of oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 10

about 30-34 ATP molecules

Question 11

projections formed by the invaginations of the inner mitochondrial membrane

Answer 11

cristae

Question 12

involves the breakdown of glucose, a simple sugar, into two molecules of a compound called pyruvate

Answer 12

glycolysis

Question 13

phase that raises the free energy of glucose, thereby allowing later reactions to be exergonic

Answer 13

Energy Investment Phase

Question 14

phase (steps 4–5) breaks the fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, a six-carbon molecule, into two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Answer 14

Cleavage Phase

Question 15

phase (steps 6–10) produces four ATP, two NADH, and two molecules of pyruvate. Because two molecules of ATP are used in the energy investment phase, the net yield is two molecules of ATP

Answer 15

Energy Liberation Phase

Question 16

consists of a group of protein complexes and small organic molecules embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane

Answer 16

Electron Transport Chain

Question 17

concentration of H+ is higher outside the mitochondrial matrix than inside and an excess of positive charge exists outside the matrix

Answer 17

H+ electrochemical gradient

Question 18

an environment that lacks oxygen

Answer 18

anaerobic

Question 19

one mechanism is to use a substance other than O2 as the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain

Answer 19

anaerobic respiration

Question 20

the second approach is to produce ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation only, without any net oxidation of organic molecules

Answer 20

fermentation

Question 21

enzyme that adds a phosphate group from one molecule to another molecule

Answer 21

kinase

Question 22

enzyme that changes a molecule into its isomer (same atoms, different structures)

Answer 22

isomerase

Question 23

enzyme that removes hydrogen atom(s) from the substrate; results in the oxidation of the substrate

Answer 23

dehydrogenase

Question 24

enzyme that transfers a phosphate group from ATP to fructose; point of no return, cell committed to glycolysis; before this step the sugar products can be used efficiently in the cell in other reactions but after this step this is not true.

Answer 24

phosphofructokinase