Ch: 7 Induction Fallacies Flashcards
An argument fallacy that supposed to raise or support their conclusions, but the givings are weak.
Ex: A person who learns in the front seat must be a smart student. All the students who sit at the front wear glasses. Therefore, the student wearing the glasses must be smart.
Induction Fallacy
Generalizing from few cases
Made into an assumption based on experiences that happen 1 time or in small portions; citing too few evidence
Example- “I met two people so far in Greece. They are nice to me. All the people in Greece must be nice people.”
Hasty Generalization
A statement that excuses the mistakes into thinking that doing so is correct.
Example- “Everybody breaks the speed limit. I should do that too.”
Generalizing from Exceptional Cases
A falsely assumes that one event leads to another; “B happened after A. Therefore, A caused B.”
Example- Jason believed that Zicam made his cold away based on his experiences.
Cause and Effect Fallacies
A translation to “After that, therefore because of that.”
Example- “I took Zicam that made my cold go away.”
“Every time that rooster crows. The sun comes up.”
Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc
A statement that leads from 1 to another to a dramatic, unrealistic conclusion
Example-“We have to stop the tuition increase! The next thing you know, they’ll be charging $40,000 a semester!”
If students are required to wear uniforms to school, they’ll do less shopping at local clothing stores. With less business, the stores will close, which will hurt our local economy.
Slippery Slope
An argument that believes people who do the tradition
Appeal to Tradition
An argument that believes people who do this are more likely to be correct
Ex: “Everyone is getting tattoos in college, so you might as well do it too.”
Appeal to Common Practice
An argument that the evidence are based on popularity
Ex: Almost everyone knows that plastic is contaminating the oceans. Therefore, plastic is contaminating the oceans.
Appeal to Popularity
A weak argument based on debatable or unimportant similarities between two or more things.
Ex: My mom is just like Adolf Hitler. I doubt she will let me go out with you guys.
Weak Analogy (sometimes called False Analogy)
Thinking that simultaneity between two variables, in and of itself, establishes a cause-and-effect connection between them
Ex:“I’ve noticed that every time I sleep with my shoes on, I wake up with a headache. Therefore, I’m convinced that sleeping with one’s shoes on causes a headache.”
Cum hoc, ergo propter hoc
