Ch 8

Question 1

Group cohesiveness

Answer 1

The extent to which forces push group members closer together, such as through feelings of intimacy, unity, and commitment to group goals

Question 2

Social facilitation

Answer 2

A process whereby the presence of others enhances performance on easy tasks but impairs performance on difficult task

Question 3

Mere presence theory

Answer 3

The proportion that the mere presence of others is sufficient to produce social facilitation effects

Question 4

Evaluation apprehension theory

Answer 4

Theory that the presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others are seen as potential evaluators

Question 5

Distraction conflict theory

Answer 5

Theory that the presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others distract from the task and create attentional conflict

Question 6

Social loafing

Answer 6

A group produced reduction in individual output on tasks where contributions are pooled

Question 7

Collective effort mode

Answer 7

The theory that individuals will exert effort on a collective task to the degree that they think their individual efforts will be important, relevant, and meaningful for achieving outcomes that they value

Question 8

Deindividuation

Answer 8

The loss of a persons sense of individuality and the reduction of normal constraints against deviant behavior

Question 9

Social identity model of deindividuation effects

Answer 9

A model of group behavior that explains deindividuation effects as the result of a shift from personal identity to social identity

Question 10

Process loss

Answer 10

The reduction in group performance due to obstacles created by group processes, such as problems of coordination and motivation

Question 11

Process gain

Answer 11

The increase in group performance so that the group outperforms the individuals who comprise the group

Question 12

Brainstorming

Answer 12

Technique that attempts to increase the production of creative ideas by encouraging group members to speak freely without criticizing their own or others contributions

Question 13

Group polarization

Answer 13

The exaggeration of initial tendencies in the thinking of group members through group discussion

Question 14

Group think

Answer 14

A group decision making style characterized by an excessive tendency among group members to seek concurrence

Question 15

Escalation effect

Answer 15

Condition in which commitments to a failing course of action are increased to justify investments already madd

Question 16

Biased sampling

Answer 16

Tendency for groups to spend more time discussing shared information (information already known by all or most group members) than unshared information (information known by only one or a few group members)

Question 17

Transactive memory

Answer 17

A shared system for remembering information that enables multiple people to remember information together more efficiently than they could do so alone

Question 18

Group support system

Answer 18

Specialized interactive computer programs that are used to guide group meetings collaborative work, and decision-making processes

Question 19

Social dilemma

Answer 19

A situation in which a self interested choice by everyone will create the worst outcome for everyone

Question 20

Prisoners dilemma

Answer 20

A type of dilemma in which one party must make either cooperative or competitive moves in relation to another party. The dilemma is typically designed so that the competitive move appears to be in one’s self interest, but if both sides make this move, they both suffer more than if they had both cooperated

Question 21

Resource dilemmas

Answer 21

Social dilemmas involving how to or more people will share a limited resource

Question 22

Graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension reduction

Answer 22

A strategy for unilateral persistent efforts to establish trust and cooperation between opposing parties

Question 23

Integrative agreement

Answer 23

A new negotiated resolution to a conflict in which all parties obtain outcomes that are superior to what they would have obtained from an equal division of the contested resources

Question 24

Group

Answer 24

A set of individuals who interact overtime and have shared fate, goals, or identity