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BIO223 > Ch 9 & 10 > Flashcards

Ch 9 & 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Agonist

A

Prime mover

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2
Q

Antagonist

A

Opposes and slows the action of agonist making movement graceful

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3
Q

Synergists

A

Work with agonists to help minimize unwanted deviations from a movement

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4
Q

Fixators

A

Hold a bone in place

Makes movement more efficient and reduces risk of injury

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5
Q

Origin

A

Less moveable anchoring point

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6
Q

Insertion

A

Attaches to the structure or bone that will be moved

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7
Q

Fulcrum (central)

A

Joint at which movement occurs in a lever

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8
Q

Second class lever

A

Resistance is in the middle and applied force is farthest away from fulcrom

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9
Q

Third class lever

A

Applied force is in the middle and resistance is furthest away from fulcrum

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10
Q

Myofibrils

A

Bundles of specialized proteins ( cylindrical organelles) located within the sacroplasm
Make up 50-80% of of a muscle cell’s volume

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11
Q

Myocytes

A

Muscle cells

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12
Q

Sarcomere

A

Functional unit of contraction

Section of myofibril that extends from one Z-disc to the next Z-disc

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13
Q

Sacroplasm

A

“Cytoplasm” of muscle cells

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14
Q

Fascicles

A

Multiple skeletal muscle fibers together with the surrounding endomysium

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15
Q

Endomysium

A

Extracellular matrix of myocytes

Holds muscle cells together

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16
Q

Muscle tension

A

Basic function of all muscle types

Creates movement, maintains posture, stabilizes joints, generates heat regulates flow of materials through hollow organs

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17
Q

First class lever

A

Folcrum is in the middle

18
Q

Contractility

A

Ability of proteins within muscle cell to draw together.

19
Q

Excitability

A

Electrical Changes across the plasma membrane caused by a stimuli

20
Q

Conductivity

A

Movement of electrical changes across the entire length of the plasma membrane

20
Q

Extensibility

A

Stretch

The ability of a muscle cell to stretch up to 3 times their resting length wothout damage

22
Q

Elasticity

A

Ability of muscle cell to return to original shape after being stretched

23
Q

Sarcolemma

A

“Plasma membrane” of a muscle cell

Composed of phospholipid bilayer with multiple specialized proteins

24
Q

Sacroplasmic reticulum (SR)

A

Modified smooth endoplasmic reticulum that forms a weblike network surrounding each myofibril

Stores and releases calcium ions
Activities vital to muscle contraction and relaxation

25
Q

Transverse tubules

A

Inward extensions of the sarcolemma into the the muscle fiber
Form a tunnel like network within the muscle fiber that is filled with extracellular fluid

26
Q

Terminal cisternae

A

Flank each side of the T- tubules

These are enlarged portions of the SR

27
Q

Triad

A

Combination of the T-tubule and two terminal cisternae

28
Q

Myofilaments

A

The hundreds to thousands of protein bundles that compose a myofibril

3 Types
Contractile proteins- produce tension
Regulatory proteins- control when muscle fiber can contract
Structural proteins- hold myofilaments in their proper place & ensure structural stability of myofibril and muscle fiber

29
Q

Three types of myofilaments

A

Thick filaments- composed of many molecules of myosin
Thin filaments- composed of contractile and regulatory proteins
Elastic filaments- thinnest type, composed of single massive structural protein called titin

30
Q

Myosin

A

Contractile protein found in myofilaments

31
Q

Actin

A

Can bind to a myosin head at the “active site”

32
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Long ropelike regulatory protein that spirals around the two actin strands to cover the “active sites”
Helps to switch off and on the process of muscle contraction

33
Q

Troponin

A

Smaller globular regulatory protein holds tropomyosin in place
Helps to switch off and on the process of muscle contraction

34
Q

Type 1 fibers

A

Slow twitch
Small in diameter
Less forceful
Maintain extended periods of contraction

35
Q

Type II fibers

A

Fast twitch fibers
Larger in diameter, contract more rapidly
Quickly fatigued

3 types:
IIa (FOG)- Fast Oxidative glycolytic
IIx (FO) - Fast Oxidative
IIb (FG) - fast glycolytic

36
Q

Excitation-contraction coupling

A

The link between the depolarization of action potential to Ca++ to release from sarcoplasmic reticulum

37
Q

Muscle twitch

A

Response of a muscle fiber to a single action potential in a motor neuron

38
Q

Latent period

A

Time it takes for action potential to spread through sarcolemma

39
Q

Contraction period

A

Rapid increase in tension as crossbridge cycles occur repeatedly

40
Q

Relaxation period

A

Tension increases due to decreasing calcium ions. Tropomyosin once against n blocks the active sites of myosin

41
Q

6 types of neuroglia cells

A
  1. Ciliated ependymal cells-move cerebrous spinal fluid around
  2. Astrocytes- form the blood brain barrier
  3. Microglia- fight infection through phagocytosis
  4. Oligodendrocytes- bind the CNS neurons together and insulate axons of CNS
  5. Non ciliated ependymal cells- secrete cerebro spinal fluid
    Schann cells- make up the myelin sheaths of the PNS

BIO223 (13 decks)

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