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Nutrition Exam 3 > Ch. 9 Vitamins > Flashcards

Ch. 9 Vitamins Flashcards

1
Q

What two things combine to form a vitamin?

A

Vital + Amine= Vitamin

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2
Q

Which 3 letter groups of vitamins were dropped?

A

F, G, H

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3
Q

What are vitamins classified by?

A

Solubility

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4
Q

What is included in the 9 water-soluble vitamins?

A

-B vitamin complex
-Vitamin C

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5
Q

What are the 4 fat-soluble vitamins?

A

A
D
E
K

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6
Q

What affects a vitamin’s digestion, absorption, transportation, storage, and excretion?

A

Solubility

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7
Q

Are all vitamins organic?

A

Yes

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8
Q

Why must vitamins be absorbed intact in the enterocytes?

A

Because vitamins lack any bonds for the body the hydrolyze during digestion

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9
Q

What are substances found in foods that are not directly usable by the body?

A

Provitamins

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10
Q

What are vitamin precursors that are converted into active forms once absorbed in the body?

A

Provitamins

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11
Q

What are vitamins found in foods that are already in their active forms?

A

Preformed vitamins

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12
Q

What is the provitamin for Vitamin A?

A

beta-carotene

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13
Q

What is the term for vitamin toxicity?

A

hypervitaminosis

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14
Q

What results from ingesting excess vitamins?

A

Tissue saturation
Hypervitaminosis

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15
Q

What can supplementing with megadoses of vitamins and not from eating foods?

A

Hypervitaminosis

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16
Q

What type of vitamins do not cause toxicity?

A

Vitamin C/most water soluble vitamins

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17
Q

Why do most water-soluble vitamins not cause hypervitaminosis?

A

Excess is excreted in the urine

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18
Q

Which fat-soluble vitamins can be toxic in mega doses?

A

A, D, E

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19
Q

Where does all vitamin absorption occur?

A

Small intestine

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20
Q

What is the degree to which a nutrient is absorbed from foods and used in the body?

A

Bioavailability

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21
Q

Which type of vitamins are generally less bioavailable than the other?

A

Fat-soluble vitamins

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22
Q

Are vitamins from plant foods or animal foods more bioavailable?

A

Vitamins from animal foods are more bioavailable

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23
Q

How are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed and transported?

A

Micelles transport them into intestinal cells, the packaged with fat/lipids into chylomicron, then into the lymph system

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24
Q

How are water-soluble vitamins absorbed/transported?

A

Absorbed directly into the portal vein from the small intestine

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25
Q

Which type of vitamins are stored after absorption?

A

Fat-soluble vitamins

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26
Q

What is the main storage site for vitamin A?

A

The liver

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27
Q

Where is vitamin D mainly stored?

A

Fat and muscle tissue

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28
Q

Where is B12 absorbed?

A

The ileum

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29
Q

How does the body handle excess water-soluble vitamins?

A

They are excreted through urine

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30
Q

What are compounds that neutralize free radicals?

A

Antioxidants

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31
Q

Which two vitamins are antioxidants?

A

E and C

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32
Q

What are 3 factors that increase free radical production?

A

-UV light
-Exposure to toxins from smoking
-Exposure to environmental pollutants

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33
Q

What mineral is an antioxidant?

A

Selenium

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34
Q

Which 2 phytochemicals are antioxidants?

A

Flavonoids
Carotenoids

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35
Q

What occurs when free radicals accumulate faster than the body can metabolize them?

A

Oxidative stress

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36
Q

What are naturally occurring plant compounds that give plant food their vibrant colors and can act as antioxidants?

A

Phytochemicals

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37
Q

Are antioxidant supplements currently recommended?

A

No

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38
Q

What is currently recommended instead of antioxidant supplements?

A

A phytochemical and antioxidant-rich diet

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39
Q

What phytochemicals are found in red foods?

A

Anthocyanins

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40
Q

What phytochemicals are found in yellow/orange foods?

A

Beta-carotene
Flavonoids

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41
Q

What phytochemicals are found in white foods?

A

Alliums/allicin

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42
Q

What phytochemicals are found in green foods?

A

Lutein
Zeaxanthin

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43
Q

What phytochemicals are found in blue-purple foods?

A

Anthocyanins
Phenolics

44
Q

What phytochemicals are founds in brown foods?

A

Plant sterols
many others

45
Q

What is the best source of vitamins?

A

Whole foods: fruits, veggies, whole grains

46
Q

How can vitamins be destroyed during cooking/storage?

A

-Cooked in boiling water
-Changes in pH
-Heat

47
Q

Which vitamins tend to be more stable in cooking/storage?

A

Fat-soluble vitamins

48
Q

How can the arsenic content of rice be reduced during cooking?

A

-Boil rice in excess water
6Water : 1Rice

49
Q

What does rinsing rice before cooking and rinsing pasta after cooking do?

A

They wash away water-soluble vitamins

50
Q

What health risks can vitamin fortification contribute to?

A

-Vitamin excess
-Displace nutrient-rich foods

51
Q

What is the family of fat-soluble retinoids?

A

Vitamin A

52
Q

Which type of vitamin A is the most usable to the body?

A

Retinol

53
Q

Where is the preformed vitamin A primarily found?

A

Animal foods

54
Q

How/where is vitamin A stored in the body?

A

Retinyl ester in the liver

55
Q

How does the liver help prevent vitamin A toxicity?

A

Excretion through bile

56
Q

Which vitamin participates in…
-Vision
-Epithelial tissue maintenance
-Growth
-Reproduction
-Immune system
-Bone health

A

Vitamin A

57
Q

What are the metabolic functions of vitamin A?

A

-May help fight cancer
-Carotenoids are antioxidants

58
Q

What is the RDA for vitamin A in male adults?

A

900 micrograms Retinol activity equivalents

59
Q

What is the RDA for vitamin A in female adults?

A

700 micrograms RAE

60
Q

What is the upper limit of vitamin A?

A

3,000 micrograms as performed vitamin A only

61
Q

What is the daily need for beta-carotene?

A

3-6 milligrams daily

62
Q

How should strict vegans meet vitamin A intake requirements?

A

Carotenoids and beta-carotene rich foods

63
Q

What is the starting point for vitamin A toxicity?

A

> 15,000 micrograms

64
Q

What can overconsumption of vitamin A during pregnancy cause?

A

Facial/skull birth defects
CNS

65
Q

What can vitamin A over consumption cause in adults?

A

Osteoporosis
Bone fractures

66
Q

What can excess carotenoids cause?

A

Carotenodermia

67
Q

What can chronic vitamin A deficiency cause?

A

Night blindness

Xerophthalmia

Keratinization of epithelial tissues

68
Q

Which vitamin is considers a prohormone?

A

Vitamin D

69
Q

What are the two forms that vitamin D is found in?

A

Cholecalciferol (D3)
Ergocalciferol (D2)

70
Q

Which form of vitamin D is found in plants/dietary supplements?

A

Ergocalciferol

71
Q

Which form of vitamin D MAY be more effective at increasing levels of vitamin D in the blood?

A

D3

72
Q

Where are vitamin D2 and 3 absorbed?

A

Small intestine as part of a micelle

73
Q

How do vitamin D 3 and 2 circulate?

A

Circulate through the lymph system as chylomicrons

74
Q

Where are vitamin D2 and D3 stored after circulating through the lymph system?

A

Liver

75
Q

What are the 2 metabolic functions of vitamin D?

A

Bone Growth

May prevent some cancers/autoimmune disorders/diabetes

May regulate blood pressure

76
Q

Which hormone stimulates the kidney to increase the amount of active vitamin D?

A

PTH

77
Q

How much can vitamin D reduce risk of T1 diabetes in adults?

A

by 50%

78
Q

Which type of diabetes is associated with low blood vitamin D levels?

A

Type 2

79
Q

What is the daily needs for vitamin D in adults?

A

15-20 micrograms per day

80
Q

What is the Upper Limit for vitamin D in adults?

A

100 micrograms/day

81
Q

What is the daily need for vitamin D in children?

A

15 micrograms/day

82
Q

What is the Upper Limit for vitamin D in children?

A

50 micrograms/day

83
Q

Which vitamin deficiency can cause hypercalcemia?

A

Vitamin D toxicity

84
Q

What vitamin deficiency in children causes Rickets?

A

Vitamin D deficiency

85
Q

How is vitamin E absorbed/transported in the body?

A

Chylomicrons-lymph-circulation-liver

86
Q

Where is excess vitamin E excreted?

A

Bile
Urine
Feces
Skin Pores

87
Q

Which vitamin helps protect cell membranes by preventing the oxidation of LDL cholesterol?

A

Vitamin E

88
Q

What is the daily need for Vitamin E in adults?

A

15 mg/day

89
Q

What is the Upper Limit of vitamin E in adults?

A

1,000 mg/day

90
Q

What is the current suspicion of the Upper Limit for vitamin E?

A

Currently believed to be too high

91
Q

Toxicity of which vitamin can lead to increased risk of a hemorrhage?

A

Vitamin E toxicity

92
Q

Where is most vitamin K absorbed?

A

the jejunum

93
Q

What percentage of vitamin K is produced by bacteria in the colon?

A

10%

94
Q

How is vitamin K absorbed/stored?

A

Chylomicrons-liver

95
Q

How is most excess vitamin K excreted?

A

Mostly bound to bile

96
Q

Which vitamin aids in regulating blood clotting?

A

Vitamin K

97
Q

Which vitamin blood-level is lowered by anticoagulation medications?

A

Vitamin K

98
Q

Which vitamin helps promote strong bones by interacting with proteins?

A

Vitamin K

99
Q

What is the daily need of vitamin K for male adults?

A

120 micrograms/day

100
Q

What is the daily need for vitamin K in female adults?

A

90 micrograms/day

101
Q

Which vitamin toxicity is not known to cause adverse effects?

A

Vitamin K

102
Q

Do vitamin supplements require FDA approval to be put on the market?

A

NO

103
Q

What is the only way for vitamin supplements to be banned from shelves?

A

If they have been shown to be unsafe or cause harm

104
Q

How should one choose a vitamin supplement?

A

Choose supplements with the TSP seal

105
Q

What does the USP verified mark guarantee on the label?

A

Ingredient list
Declared potency
Amounts

Nutrition Exam 3 (6 decks)

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