Ch.1

Question 1

Pharmaceutic

Answer 1

(dissolution) drug becomes a solution so that it can cross the biologic membrane.

Question 2

Pharmacokinetic

Answer 2

the process of drug movement to achieve drug action. 4 processes: absorption, distribution,metabolism or (biotransformation), and excretion (or elimination).

Question 3

Pharmacodynamic

Answer 3

A branch of pharmacology dealing with the reactions between drugs and living systems

Question 4

Excipients

Answer 4

an inactive substance formulated alongside the active ingredient of a medication, for the purpose of bulking-up formulations that contain potent active ingredients.

Question 5

Disintegration

Answer 5

the breakdown of a tablet into smaller particles.

Question 6

Dissolution

Answer 6

is the dissolving of the smaller particles in the GI fluid before absorption.

Question 7

Rate limiting

Answer 7

is the time it takes the drug to disintegrate and to dissolve to become available for the body to absorb it.

Question 8

Passive absorption

Answer 8

occurs mostly by diffusion (movement from higher concentration to lower concentration) with diffusion the drug does not require energy to cross the membrane.

Question 9

Active absorption

Answer 9

requires a carrier such as an enzyme or protein to move the drug against a concentration gradient. Energy is required.

Question 10

Pinoytosis

Answer 10

is the process by which cells carry a drug across their membrane by engulfing the drug particles.

Question 11

First pass effect

Answer 11

the process in which the drug passes to the liver first also know as (hepatic first pass) Ex, Morphine,warfarin.

Question 12

Bioavailability

Answer 12

is a subcategory of absorption.

Question 13

Distribution

Answer 13

the process by which the drug becomes available to body fluids and body tissues.

Question 14

Drugs that are greater than 89% bound to protein

Answer 14

highly protein-bound drugs

Question 15

Drugs that are 61- 89% bound to protein

Answer 15

Moderately high protein-bound

Question 16

Drugs that are 30-60% bound to protein

Answer 16

moderately protein-bound

Question 17

Drugs that are less than 30% bound to protein

Answer 17

low protein-bound

Question 18

Free drugs

Answer 18

drugs not bound to protein. are active and can cause a pharmacologic response.

Question 19

Metabolism

Answer 19

primary site in liver.

Question 20

The half-life (t1/2)

Answer 20

of a drug is the time it takes for one half of the drug concentration to be eliminated.

Question 21

Elimination

Answer 21

main route of drug elimination is through the kidneys (urine)

Question 22

The most accurate test to determine renal function is?

Answer 22

Creatinine clearance (CLcr)

Question 23

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 23

is the study of drug concentration and its effects on the body.

Question 24

Onset of action

Answer 24

is the time it takes to reach minimum effective concentration (MEC) after a drug is administered.

Question 25

Peak action

Answer 25

occurs when the drug reaches its highest blood or plasma concentration.

Question 26

Duration of action

Answer 26

is the length of time the drug has a pharmacologic effect.

Question 27

A time responsive curve

Answer 27

evaluates three drug parameters

Question 28

There are 4 receptor families

Answer 28

1. kinase-linked receptors
2. ligand-gated ion channels
3. G protein-coupled receptor systems
4. Nuclear receptors

Question 29

Agonists

Answer 29

drugs that produce a response

Question 30

antagonists

Answer 30

drugs that block a response

Question 31

Nonselective drugs

Answer 31

drugs that affect various receptors.

Question 32

The therapeutic index

Answer 32

estimates the margin of safety of a drug through the use of a ratio that measures the effective (therapeutic or concentration) dose (ed) in 50% of persons or animals (LD50)

Question 33

Low therapeutic index

Answer 33

have a narrow margin of safety.

Question 34

High therapeutic index

Answer 34

have a wide margin of safety and less danger of producing toxic effects.

Question 35

Peak drug level

Answer 35

is the highest plasma concentration of drug at a specific time.

Question 36

Trough drug level

Answer 36

is the lowest plasma concentration of a drug, and it measures the rate at which the drug is eliminated.

Question 37

Loading dose

Answer 37

when immediate drug response is desired, a large initial dose, of drug is given to achieve a rapid minimum effective concentration in the plasma.

Question 38

Side effects

Answer 38

are physiologic effects not related to desired drug effects.

Question 39

Adverse reactions

Answer 39

are more severe than side effects

Question 40

Toxic effects or toxicity

Answer 40

of a drug can be identified by monitoring the plasma (serum) therapeutic range of the drug.

Question 41

Pharmacogenetics

Answer 41

is the scientific discipline studying how the effect of a drug action varies from a predicted drug response because of genetic factors or hereditary influence.

Question 42

Tolerance

Answer 42

refers to a decreased responsiveness over the course of therapy.

Question 43

tachyphylaxis

Answer 43

refers to rapid decrease in response to the drug.

Question 44

A placebo effect

Answer 44

is a psychological benefit from a compound that may not have chemical structure of a drug effect.