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Arch II > ch1 & ch2 > Flashcards

ch1 & ch2 Flashcards

1
Q

Desktop Computer

A

a computer designed for use by an individual, usually incorporating a graphics display, a keyboard, and a mouse.

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2
Q

Server

A

a computer used for running larger programs for multiple users, often simultaneously, and typically accessed only via a network.

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3
Q

Supercomputer

A

a class of computers with the highest performance and cost; they are configured as servers and typically cost millions of dollars.

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4
Q

Terabyte

A

originally 1,099,511,627,776 (240) bytes, although some communications and secondary storage systems have redefined it to mean 1,000,000,000,000 (1012) bytes.

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5
Q

Petabyte

A

depending on the situation, either 1000 or 1024 terabytes

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6
Q

Datacenter

A

a room or building designed to handle the power, cooling, and networking needs of a large number of servers.

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7
Q

Embedded Computer

A

a computer inside another device used for running one predetermined application or collection of software

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8
Q

Multicore Microprocessor

A

microprocessor containing multiple processors (“cores”) in a single integrated circuit.

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9
Q

Acronym

A

a word constructed by taking the initial letters of a string of words.

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10
Q

RAM

A

is an acronym for Random Access Memory.

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11
Q

CPU

A

is an acronym for Central Processing Unit.

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12
Q

Systems Software

A

software that provides services that are commonly useful, including operating systems, compilers, loaders, and assemblers.

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13
Q

Operating System

A

supervising program that manages the resources of a computer for the benefit of the programs that run on the computer.

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14
Q

Compiler

A

a program that translates high-level language statements into assembly language statements.

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15
Q

Binary Digit

A

also called a Bit. One of the two numbers in base 2 (0 or 1) that are the components of information.

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16
Q

Instruction

A

a command that computer hardware understands and obeys

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17
Q

Assembler

A

a program that translates a symbolic version of instructions into the binary version.

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18
Q

Assembly Language

A

a symbolic representation of machine instructions.

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19
Q

Machine Language

A

a binary representation of machine instructions.

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20
Q

High-Level Programming Language

A

a portable language such as C, C++, Java, or Visual Basic that is composed of words and algebraic natation that can be translated by a compiler into assembly language.

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21
Q

Input Device

A

a mechanism through which the computer is fed information, such as the keyboard or mouse.

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22
Q

Output Device

A

a mechanism that conveys the result of a computation to a user or another computer.

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23
Q

Liquid Crystal Display

A

a display technology using a thin layer of liquid polymers that can be used to transmit or block light according to whether a charge is applied.

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24
Q

Active Matrix Display

A

a liquid crystal display using a transistor to control the transmission of light at each individual pixel.

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25
Q

Pixel

A

the smallest individual picture element. Screens are composed of hundreds of thousands to millions of pixels, organized in a matrix.

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26
Q

Motherboard

A

a plastic board containing packages of integrated circuits or chips, including processor, cache, memory, and connectors for I/O devices such as networks.

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27
Q

Integrated Circuit

A

also called a Chip. A device combining dozens to millions of transistors.

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28
Q

Memory

A

the storage area in which programs are kept when they are running and that contains that data needed by the running programs.

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29
Q

Dynamic Random Access Memory

A

memory built as an integrated circuit; it provides random access to any location.

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30
Q

Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM)

A

a small board that contains DRAM chips on both sides. (SIMMs have DRAMs on only one side.)

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31
Q

Central Processor Unit (CPU)

A

also called Processor. The active part of the computer, which contains the datapath and control and which adds numbers, signals I/O devices to activate, and so on.

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32
Q

Control

A

the component of the processor that commands the datapath, memory, and I/O devices according to the instructions of the program.

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33
Q

Cache Memory

A

a small, fast memory that acts as a buffer for a slower, larger memory.

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34
Q

Static Random Access Memory (SRAM)

A

also memory built as an integrated circuit, but faster and less dense than DRAM.

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35
Q

Abstraction

A

a model that renders lower-level details of computer systems temporarily invisible to facilitate design of sophisticated systems.

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36
Q

Instruction Set Architecture

A

also called Architecture. An abstract interface between the hardware and the lowest-level software that encompasses all the information necessary to write a machine language program that will run correctly, including instructions, registers, memory access, I/O, …

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37
Q

Application Binary Interface (ABI)

A

the user portion of the instruction set plus the operating system interfaces used by application programmers. Defines a standard for binary portability across computers.

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38
Q

Implementation

A

hardware that obeys the architecture abstraction.

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39
Q

Volatile Memory

A

storage, such as DRAM, that retains data only if it is receiving power.

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40
Q

Nonvolatile Memory

A

a form of memory that retains data even in the absence of power source and that is used to store programs between runs. Magnetic disk is nonvolatile.

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41
Q

Main Memory

A

also called Primary Memory. Memory used to hold programs while they are running; typically consists of DRAM in today’s computers.

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42
Q

Secondary Memory

A

nonvolatile memory used to store programs and data between runs; typically consists of magnetic disks in today’s computers.

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43
Q

Magnetic diskory

A

also called Hard Disk. A form of nonvolatile secondary memory composed of rotating platters coated with a magnetic recording material.

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44
Q

Flash Memorykory

A

a nonvolatile semiconductor memory. It is cheaper and slower than DRAM but more expensive and faster than magnetic disks

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45
Q

Gigabyte

A

traditionally 1,073,741,824 (230) bytes, although some communications and secondary storage systems have redefined it to mean 1,000,000,000 (109) bytes. Similarly, depending on the context megabyte is either 220 or 106 bytes

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46
Q

Local Area Network (LAN)

A

a network designed to carry data within a geographically confined area, typically within a single building.

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47
Q

Wide Area Network (WAN))

A

a network extended over hundreds of kilometers that can span a continent.

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48
Q

Vacuum Tubeykory

A

an electronic component, predecessor of the transistor, that consists of a hollow glass tube about 5 to 10 cm long from which as much air has been removed as possible and that uses an electron beam to transfer data

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49
Q

Transistoreykory

A

an on/off switch controlled by an electric signal.

50
Q

Very Large-Scale Integrated (VLSI) Circuit

A

a device containing hundreds of thousands to millions of transistors.

51
Q

Response Timeory

A

also called Execution Time. The total time required for the computer to complete a task, including disk accesses, memory accesses, I/O activities, operating system overhead, CPU execution time, and so on.

52
Q

Throughput bandwidth

A

another measure of performance, it is the number of tasks completed per unit time.t

53
Q

CPU Execution Time

A

also called CPU Time. The actual time the CPU spends computing for a specific task.

54
Q

User CPU Timeory

A

the CPU Time spent in a program itself.

55
Q

Clock Cyclemeory

A

also called Tick, Clock Tick, Clock Period, Clock, Cycle. The time for one clock period, usually of the processor clock, which runs at a constant rate.ý

56
Q

Clock Periodeory

A

the length of each clock cycle.

57
Q

Clock Cycles Per Instruction (CPI)

A

average number of clock cycles per instruction for a program or program fragment.k.

58
Q

Instruction Count

A

the number of instructions executed by the program.*;q=0

59
Q

Instruction Mixy

A

a measure of the dynamic frequency of instructions across one or many programs.

60
Q

Silicon

A

a natural element that is a semiconductor.

61
Q

Semiconductor

A

a substance that does not conduct electricity well.*;q=0

62
Q

Silicon Crystal Ingot

A

a rod composed of a silicon crystal that is between 8 and 12 inches in diameter and about 12 to 24 inches long.

63
Q

Waferr

A

a slice from a silicon ingot no more than 0.1 inch thick, used to create chips.

64
Q

Defect

A

a microscopic flaw in a wafer or in pattering steps that can result in the failure of the die containing that defect.sks

65
Q

Die

A

the individual rectangular sections that are cut from a wafer, more informally known as chips.

66
Q

Yield

A

the percentage of good dies from the total number of dies on the waferD®

67
Q

Workload

A

a set of programs run on a computer that is either the actual collection of applications run by a user or constructed from real programs to approximate such a mix. A typical workload specifies both the programs and the relative frequencies.

68
Q

Benchmark

A

a program selected for use in comparing computer performance.eýé

69
Q

Amdahl’s Law

A

a rule stating that the performance enhancement possible with a given improvement is limited by the amount that the improved feature is used. It is a quantitative version of the law of diminishing returns.

70
Q

Million Instructions Per Second (MIPS).

A

a measurement of program execution speed based on the number of millions of instructions. MIPS is computed as the instruction count divided by the product of the execution time and 106.

71
Q

Instruction Set

A

the vocabulary of commends understood by a given architecture.ýé

72
Q

Stored-Program Concept

A

the idea that instructions and data of many types con be stored in memory as numbers, leading to the stored-program computer.

73
Q

Word

A

the natural unit of access in a computer, usually a group of 32 bits; corresponds to the size of a register in the MIPS architecture..

74
Q

Data Transfer Instruction

A

a command that moves data between memory and registers=0

75
Q

Address

A

a value used to delineate the location of a specific data element within a memory array.

76
Q

Alignment Restrictiont

A

a requirement that data be aligned in memory on natural boundaries.

77
Q

Binary Digits

A

also called Binary Bit. One of the two numbers in base 2, 0 or 1, that are the components of information. long.

78
Q

Least Significant Bitt

A

the rightmost bit in a MIPS word

79
Q

Most Significant Bittt

A

the leftmost bit in a MIPS word.

80
Q

One’s Complement

A

a notation that represents the most negative value by 10 … 000two and the most positive value by 01 … 11two leaving an equal number of negatives and positives but ending up with two zeros, one positive (00 … 00two) and one negative (11 .. 11two). The term is also used to mean the inversion of every bit in a pattern: 0 to 1 and 1 to 0.

81
Q

Biased Notationt

A

a notation that represents the most negative value by 00 … 000two and the most positive value by 11 … 11two, with 0 typically having the value 10 … 00two, thereby biasing the number plus the bias has a nonnegative representation.

82
Q

Instruction Format

A

a form of representation of an instruction composed of fields of binary numbers

83
Q

Machine Language

A

binary representation used for communication within a computer system.

84
Q

Hexadecimalguage

A

numbers in base 16.

85
Q

Opcode

A

the field that denotes the operation and format of an instructions.em.

86
Q

AND

A

a logical bit-by-bit operation with two operands that calculates a 1 only if there is a 1 in both operands.ong.

87
Q

OR

A

a logical bit-by-bit operation with two operands that calculates a 1 if there is a 1 in either operand.

88
Q

NOT

A

a logical bit-by-bit operation with one operand that inverts the bits; that is, it replaces every 1 with a 0, and every 0 with a 1.

89
Q

NOR

A

a logical bit-by-bit operation with two operands that calculates the NOT of the OR of the two operands. That is, it calculates a 1 only if there is a 0 in both operands.

90
Q

Conditional Branch

A

an instruction that requires the comparison of two values and that allows for a subsequent transfer of control to a new address in the program based on the outcome of the comparison.

91
Q

Jump Address Table

A

also called Jump Table. A table of addresses of alternative instruction sequences.array.

92
Q

Procedure

A

a stored subroutine that performs a specific task based on the parameters with which it is provided.nd.

93
Q

Jump-and-Link Instruction

A

an instruction that jumps to an address and simultaneously saves the address of the following instruction in a register ($ra in MIPS).

94
Q

Return Address

A

a link to the calling site that allows a procedure to return to the proper address; in MIPS it is stored in register $ra.ter.

95
Q

Caller

A

the program that instigates a procedure and provides the necessary parameter values.ray.

96
Q

Callee

A

a procedure that executes a series of stored instructions based on parameters provided by the caller and then returns control to the caller.

97
Q

Program Counter (PC)

A

the register containing the address of the instruction in the program being executedray.

98
Q

Stack

A

a data structure for spilling registers organized as a last-in-first-out queue.

99
Q

Stack Pointer

A

a value denoting the most recently allocated address in a stack that shows where registers should be spilled or where old registers values can be found. In MIPS, it is register $sp..

100
Q

Push

A

add element to stack.t –

101
Q

Pop

A

remove element from stack.

102
Q

Global Pointer

A

the register that is reserved to point to the static area.Ÿ

103
Q

Procedure Frame

A

also called Activation Record. The segment of the stack containing a procedure’s saved registers and local variables.

104
Q

Frame Pointerme

A

a value denoting the location of the saved registers and local variables for a given procedure.

105
Q

Text Segmentrme

A

the segment of a UNIX object file that contains the machine language code for routine in the source file.s.ong.

106
Q

PC-Relative Addressing

A

an addressing regime in which the address is the sum of the program counter (PC) and a constant in the instruction.s.

107
Q

Addressing Mode

A

one of several addressing regimes delimited by their varied use of operands and/or addresses.e.

108
Q

Executable File

A

a functional program in the format of an object file that contains no unresolved references. It can contain symbol tables and debugging information. A “stripped executable” does not contain that information. Relocation information may be included for the loader.

108
Q

Addressing Mode

A

one of several addressing regimes delimited by their varied use of operands and/or addresses.e.

109
Q

Date Race

A

two memory accesses from a data race if they are from different threads to same location, at least one is a write, and they occur one after another.u

109
Q

Assembly Language

A

a symbolic language that can be translated into binary machine language

109
Q

Pseudoinstruction

A

a common variation of assembly language instructions often treated as if it were an instructions often treated as if it were an instruction in its own right.

109
Q

Symbol Table

A

a table that matches names of labels to the addresses of the memory words that instructions occupy..nd.

109
Q

Linker

A

also called Link Editor. A systems program that combines independently assembled machine language programs and resolves all undefined labels into an executable file.

109
Q

Executable File

A

a functional program in the format of an object file that contains no unresolved references. It can contain symbol tables and debugging information. A “stripped executable” does not contain that information. Relocation information may be included for the loader.

110
Q

Loader

A

a systems program that places an object program in main memory so that it is ready to execute..

111
Q

Dynamically Linked Libraries (DLLs)

A

library routines that are linked to a program during execution.w

111
Q

Java Bytecode

A

instruction from an instruction set designed to interpret Java programs.

112
Q

Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

A

the program that interprets Java bytecodes.

113
Q

Just In Time Compile (JIT)

A

the name commonly given to a compiler that operates at runtime, translating the interpreted code segments into the native code of the computer.

114
Q

Object Oriented Language

A

a programming language that is oriented around objects rather than actions, or data versus logic.y..nd.

115
Q

General-Purpose Register (GPR)

A

a register that can be used for addresses or for data with virtually any instruction.

Arch II (1 decks)

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