Ch10: Sexual and Reproductive Behaviours Flashcards
Sexual Development
What is referred to as the genetic or physiologial characteristics of males and females?
sexual development terminology
Sex
Sexual Development
What is a behavior that has different forms or that occurs with differnt probabilities or under different circumastances in males and females?
sexual development terminology
Sexually dimorphic behaviour
Sexual Development
What refers to the socially influenced identity, roles, and/or behaviour of an individual?
Sexual development terminology
gender
Sexual Development
What describes a gender identity that doesn’t necessarily correspond to biological sex at birth?
Sexual development terminology
transgender
Sexual Development
What broad term describes a variety of combinations of biologically male and female characteristics? What is an opposite term?
Sexual development terminology
intersex
another: hermaphrodite (not = intersex) -> both male and females usually not in humans -> individuals with ambiguous external genitalia, a blurring between masculine and feminine features, and the presence of either testes or ovaries
Sexual Development
What are masculinization and demasculinization? Feminization and defeminization?
Sexual development terminology
Masculinization: active process of acquiring “male-typical” anatomy, physiology and behavioural functions
Demasculinization: Active process of losing “male-typical” functions (suppression of male)
Feminization: default or passive process in mammals of acquiring “female-typical” anatomy, physiology, behavioural functions
Defeminization: Active process of losing “female-typical” functions
Sexual Development
When is a person’s chromosomal sex determined?
Production of Gametes and Fertilization
At the time of fertilization
Sexual Development
What are gametes? Genotype?
Do X-linked diseases occur more in men or women?
Production of Gametes and Fertilization
Gametes: mature reproductive cell; sperm or ovum which entails cell division called meiosis
Genotype: typical male = XY; typical female = XX
X-linked diseases occur more in men
Sexual Development
How can you determine genetic sex?
Production of Gametes and Fertilization
Determined by the presence of XX (female) or XY (male) chromosomes at the time of fertilization of the ovum by the father’s sperm which either carries an X (female) or a Y (male)
Sexual Development
What are some sex chromosomes abnormalities? What are their causes and results, respectively? What is there biological development? Treatment?
sex chromosomes abnormalities
turner syndrome (X0): partial or complete absence of one X chromosome in a female (X0 genotype) = “X not”
-> Results from genetic info carried by a sperm bcs in most cases the existing X chromosome comes from the mother => Y chromosome isn’t present => testes don’t develop but 2 X chromosomes are needed to produce ovaries so those don’t develop either => NO GONADS
-> they have no gonads but their biological development is still female, with typical female internal sex organs and external genitalia which is evidence that fetuses don’t require ovaries or the hormones they produce to develop as females bcs the Müllerian system doesn’t needs no additional hormonal stimulus from the gonads to develop whereas male gonads need hormones secreted by testes
-> lack of ovaries but normal female sex organs and genitalia
-> treatment:
- growth hormones during childhood, hormones to induce pubertal development, and HRT throughout adulthood
- supplemental estrogen to induce puberty and sexual maturation, cuz without ovaries they don’t produce one
-> most identify as female or intersex depending on the severity of the syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome (XXY): extra chromosome in a male (XXY genotype)
-> undiagnosed until puberty
->. most are sexually attracted to women but may not identify as male and may seek gender transition
->treatment: testosterone supplementaion
Sexual Development
turner syndrome vs androgen insensitivity syndrome?
sex chromosomes abnormalities
Androgen insensitivity syndrome: genetic mutation affecting androgen receptors
Both result in anti-Müllerian hormones defeminizing so no female internal sex organs and lack of androgen receptors demasculinizing so no internal male sex organs which results in female phenotype and external genitalia
Turner does same thingexcept there are no gonads but still develop as female
Sexual Development
