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anatomy > ch.11 > Flashcards

ch.11 Flashcards

1
Q

A closed system of the heart and blood vessels

A

cardiovascular system

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2
Q

allow blood to circulate to all parts of the body

A

blood vessels

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3
Q

Functions of the cardiovascular system

A

Transport oxygen, nutrients, cell wastes, hormones
to and from cells

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4
Q

Located in the thoracic cavity, between the lungs in the inferior mediastinum

A

heart

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5
Q

is directed toward left hip and
rests on the diaphragm

A

apex

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6
Q

points toward right shoulder

A

base

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7
Q

a double-walled sac

A

pericardium

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8
Q

is loose and superficial

A

fibrous pericardium

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9
Q

is deep to the fibrous
pericardium and composed of two layers serous
fluid fills between the 2 layers

A

serous membrane

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10
Q

outside layer that lines the
inner surface of the fibrous pericardium

A

parietal pericardium

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11
Q

next to heart; also known as the epicardium

A

visceral pericardium

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12
Q

wall of the heart

A

epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

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13
Q

Outermost layer of the heart wall; also known as the visceral pericardium

A

epicardium

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14
Q

Middle layer composed mostly of cardiac muscle. This layer contracts

A

myocardium

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15
Q

Inner layer known as endothelium

A

endocardium

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16
Q

Four chambers of the heart

A

atria (right and left), ventricles (right and left)

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17
Q

Superior receiving chambers Assist with filling the ventricles and Blood enters under low pressure from veins of the body

A

atria

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18
Q

Inferior discharging chambers, thick-walled pumps of the heart. During contraction, blood is propelled into circulation

A

ventricles

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19
Q

Separates the two atria longitudinally

A

Interatrial septum

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20
Q

Separates the two ventricles longitudinally

A

Interventricular septum

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21
Q

functions as a double pump

A

heart

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22
Q

carry blood away from the heart

A

arteries

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23
Q

carry blood toward the heart

A

veins

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24
Q

Blood flows from the ___________ of the heart to ________and back to _________ of the heart

A

right side; the lungs; the left side

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25
Q

Blood is pumped out of right side through _____________, which splits into ____________ and takes oxygen-poor blood to lungs

A

the pulmonary trunk; pulmonary arteries

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26
Q

_____________ returns to the heart from the lungs
via pulmonary veins

A

Oxygen-rich blood

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27
Q

blood pumped through the pulmonary trunk into the pulmonary arteries taking oxygen poor blood to the lungs then pulmonary veins brining oxygen rich blood back to the heart

A

pulmonary circulation

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28
Q

Oxygen-rich blood returned to the left side of the heart
is pumped out into

A

the aorta

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29
Q

circulates to systemic arteries and to all body
tissues

A

blood

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30
Q

has thicker walls because it pumps blood to the body through the systemic circuit

A

left ventricle

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31
Q

returns to the right atrium via systemic veins, which empty blood into the superior or inferior vena cava

A

oxygen poor blood

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32
Q

Allow blood to flow in only one direction to prevent
backflow

A

heart valves

33
Q

between atria and ventricles

A

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

34
Q

bicuspid (mitral) valve

A

Left AV valve

35
Q

tricuspid valve

A

Right AV valve

36
Q

between ventricle and artery

A

Semilunar valves

37
Q

Pulmonary semilunar valve; Aortic semilunar valve

A

Semilunar valves

38
Q

anchor the cusps to the walls of the ventricles

A

Chordae tendineae

39
Q

Open during heart relaxation, when blood passively fills the
chambers

A

av valves

40
Q

Closed during ventricular contraction

A

av valves

41
Q

Closed during heart relaxation

A

Semilunar valves

42
Q

Open during ventricular contraction

A

Semilunar valves

43
Q

open and close in response to pressure changes in the heart

A

valves

44
Q

true or false: Blood in the heart chambers does not nourish the myocardium

A

true

45
Q

branch from the aorta to supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood

A

Coronary arteries

46
Q

anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery

A

on the left

47
Q

posterior interventricular artery and marginal artery

A

on the right

48
Q

drain the myocardium of blood

A

cardiac veins

49
Q

a large vein on the posterior of the heart; receives blood from cardiac veins

A

coronary sinus

50
Q

Blood empties into the right atrium via the

A

coronary sinus

51
Q

contracts spontaneously and can occur independently of nerve impulses

A

cardiac muscle

52
Q

occur in a regular and continuous way

A

contractions

53
Q

Need a unifying control system

A

intrinsic conduction system (nodal system)

54
Q

Two systems regulate heart activity

A

Autonomic nervous system and Intrinsic conduction system, or the nodal system

55
Q

Sets the heart rhythm; Composed of special nervous tissue; Ensures heart muscle depolarization in one
direction only (atria to ventricles); Enforces a heart rate of 75 beats per minute

A

Intrinsic conduction system, or the nodal system

56
Q

Located in the right atrium; Serves as the heart’s pacemaker

A

sinoatrial (sa) node

57
Q

is at the junction of the atria and ventricles

A

Atrioventricular (AV) node

58
Q

spread within the ventricle wall muscles

A

Purkinje fibers

59
Q

rapid heart rate, over 100 beats per minute

A

Tachycardia

60
Q

slow heart rate, less than 60 beats per minutes

A

Bradycardia

61
Q

refers to one complete heartbeat, in which both atria and ventricles contract and then relax

A

the cardiac cycle

62
Q

systole

A

contraction

63
Q

diastole

A

relaxation

64
Q

Average heart rate is approximately

A

75 beats person minute

65
Q

Cardiac cycle length is normally

A

.8 second

66
Q

Heart is relaxed; Pressure in heart is low; Atrioventricular valves are open; Blood flows passively into the atria and into
ventricles; Semilunar valves are closed

A

atrial diastole (ventricle filling)

67
Q

Ventricles remain in diastole; Atria contract; Blood is forced into the ventricles to complete
ventricular filling

A

atrial systole

68
Q

Atrial systole ends; ventricular systole begins; Intraventricular pressure rises; AV valves close to prevent blood backflow into atria; For a moment, the ventricles are completely closed chambers

A

isovolumetric contraction

69
Q

Ventricles continue to contract; Intraventricular pressure now surpasses the pressure in the major arteries leaving the heart; Semilunar valves open; Blood is ejected from the ventricles; Atria are relaxed and filling with blood

A

ventricle systole (ejection phase)

70
Q

Ventricular diastole begins; Pressure in ventricles falls below that in the major arteries; Semilunar valves close to prevent blood backflow into the
ventricles; For another moment, the ventricles are completely closed
chambers; When atrial pressure increases above intraventricular
pressure, the AV valves open

A

isovolumetric relaxation

71
Q

longer, louder heart sound caused by the
closing of the AV valves

A

Lub

72
Q

short, sharp heart sound caused by the
closing of the semilunar valves at the end of
ventricular systole

A

Dup

73
Q

Amount of blood pumped by each side (ventricle) of the heart in 1 minute; Product of stroke volume and heart rate

A

cardiac output

74
Q

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction (each heartbeat); About 70 milli iter of blood is pumped out of the left ventricle
with each heartbeat

A

stroke volume

75
Q

heart rate

A

Typically 75 beats per minute

76
Q

is the product of the heart rate (HR) and
the stroke volume (SV)

A

cardiac output

77
Q

The critical factor controlling SV is how much
cardiac muscle is stretched, called preload; The more the cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction

A

starlings law of the heart

78
Q
A

anatomy (16 decks)

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