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Question 1

What guides most of our moral decisions?

Answer 1

Intuition

Question 2

Define social intuitionist model of moral judgement

Answer 2

The idea that people first have fast, emotional reactions to morally relevant events that in turn influence their process of reasoning toward a judgement of right or wrong.

i.e. reason FOLLOWS feeling.

Question 3

Moral foundations theory

Answer 3

A theory proposing that there are 5 evolved, universal moral domains in which specific emotions guide moral judgements.

Question 4

According to the moral foundations theory, what are the 5 core moral foundations?

Answer 4

1. Care/harm: concern for the suffering of others.
   - triggered by signs of vulnerability and pain
2. Fairness/reciprocity: concerns that others act in a fair, just way
   - triggered by ppl acting unfairly
   -linked to anger
3. Ingroup loyalty: commitments we make to our group
4. Authority/respect: honouring one’s place in social hierarchies.
5. Purity/sanctity: avoiding dangerous diseases & contaminants + socially impure ideas or actions.
   - linked to disgust.

Question 5

Under the moral foundations theory, what emotion is most closely linked to purity & sanctity?

Answer 5

disgust. more disgust = moral moral condemnation.

Question 6

Altruism

Answer 6

Prosocial behaviour that benefits others without regard to the consequences of oneself.

Question 7

What are the 3 motives for altruism?

Answer 7

1. Social reward: being esteemed/valued by others with praise
   Our desire for the reward of being respected leads us to sacrifice personal desires for the greater good.
2. Personal distress: reduce your own stress from seeing others in distress.
3. Empathic concern: identifying with someone in need & wanting to help

Question 8

Define social reward

Answer 8

A social benefit that may be gained from helping others and thus serves as a motive for altruistic behaviour.

Question 9

Define personal distress

Answer 9

A motive for helping others in distress that arises from your own need to reduce distress

Question 10

Define empathic concern

Answer 10

Identifying with someone in need, including feeling + understanding what the person is experiencing, accompanied by the intention to help the person.

linked to perspective taking.

Question 11

In Batson’s study about Janet in low social and high social conditions, what did he show?

Answer 11

Women who were told to imagine how lonely Janet was, even anonymously, were willing to spend more time with her.

Means that they experience empathic concern; they want to help, even when it’s anonymous and not out of social reward.

Question 12

Does human physiology confirm empathic concern?

Answer 12

Yes. Young children display empathy and and we are wired for empathy. Bonobos show empathy.

Question 13

Volunteerism

Answer 13

Assistance a person regularly provides to another person or group with no expectation of compensation.

Question 14

Motives for volunteerism? (3)

Answer 14

-Desire for social reward
-Desire to reduce personal distress
-Empathic concern.

Question 15

Name situational determinants to altruism (2)

Answer 15

-Presence of other people (more people -> ur less likely to help; bystander effect)
-Victim characteristics (most likely to help when harm is clear and need for help is unambiguous; more likely to help those that look like u; rich help rich institutions)

Question 16

Bystander intervention

Answer 16

Assistance given by a witness to someone in need

Question 17

Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 17

A reduction of the sense of urgency to help someone in ana emergency or dangerous situation based on the assumption that others who are present will help.

Question 18

What makes someone more likely to help in an ambiguous situation (construal-wise)

Answer 18

1. Believing assistance is actually needed
2. When people are vividly aware of the events that led t other victim’s distress.

Question 19

How does pluralistic ignorance impact your likelihood to help someone?

Answer 19

If nobody around you is helping, you think you don’t know they full story and clearly the person doesn’t need help because otherwise all these other people that ‘know the situation’ woulda helped.

Question 20

When are bystanders less likely to fall prey to pluralistic ignorance?

Answer 20

-When they see the initial expressions of concern of others.

Question 21

According to Darley, what are the 2 methods to ensure you get help when you need it.

Answer 21

(1) make your need clear
(2) select a specific person to help you

Question 22

If you need help, are you more likely to get it in a city or a rural area? From someone raised in the city or someone raised in the urban area?

Answer 22

More likely to get help in rural areas.
Where a person was raised has much less effect than their current context– that will determine if or not they help.

Question 23

What are the 4 hypotheses for why you’d get help rurally but less so in the city

Answer 23

1. Milgram thought it was stimulus overload.
2. Diversity hypothesis – more diversity, more people you are less likely to help because they are not like you.
3. More people in urban areas -> diffusion of responsibility
4. More people you know in rural areas; social rewards for your behaviour.

Question 24

Why are poorer people more charitable?

Answer 24

More empathy for the others’ situations.

Rich people become more charitable when you prime them to have empathy.

Question 25

What impact does being primed on religion or civic duties or being watched have on a person’s altruism

Answer 25

Primed with religion / civic duties / being watched -> more prosocial behaviour; more generous.

Question 26

Kin selection

Answer 26

An evolutionary strategy that favours the reproductive success of one’s genetic relatives, even at a cost to one’s own survival and reproduction

Question 27

What are the 2 evolutionary explanations for why we are altruistic?

Answer 27

Kin selection (wanting to help those that share your genes so that those genes survive)
Reciprocity/ cooperation (everyone benefitting)

Question 28

Reciprocal altruism

Answer 28

Helping others with the expectation that they will help you later.

Question 29

Name situational determinants of cooperation

Answer 29

1. If we will collaborate with them in the future (makes us more helpful)
2. If they are quick and reflexively cooperative too.
3. If you know of them (reputation)
4. Gossiping makes people more likely to cooperate (knowing their reputation is on the line)

Question 30

Reputation

Answer 30

The collective beliefs, evaluations, and impressions people hold about an individual within a social network

Question 31

Name the construal process affecting cooperation

Answer 31

1. Labels: Prisoner’s dilemma as Wall Street Game vs. Community Game impacted cooperation.

Question 32

What in a culture affects cooperation?

Answer 32

1. How much the individuals in a culture depend on one another to survive.
2. Religion, poverty, exposure to violence also impact it.
3. college majors. economics majors r selfish.

Question 33

Tit for tat strategy for cooperation

Answer 33

A strategy in the prisoner’s dilemma game in which the player’s first move is cooperative; thereafter, the player mimics the other person’s behaviour, whether cooperative/competitive.