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CH4BSReady Flashcards

1
Q

Chapter 4

Dynamo

A

Devices that turn rotating energy into electrical current through electromagnetic induction

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2
Q

Chapter 4

Transmission

A

Movement of energy to its end use through available wires. The carry high voltage electricity because losses are a function of the current (which is lower at high voltages)

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3
Q

Chapter 4

Device

A

Convertor of energy into energy service

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4
Q

Chapter 4

Alternating current

A

Change of electric charge through transformers (low/high voltage)

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5
Q

Chapter 4

Paired technologies

A

Technologies that; at the same time; helped convert motion into electricity and electricity into motion (services)

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6
Q

Chapter 4

Network effect

A

The value of a service provided goes up with a number of participants on the network exponentially. Viewed another way; this means that the proportionate costs to provide service to each person falls as more people that are added to the network.

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7
Q

Chapter 4

Regulatory bargain

A

The result of the enactment of the 1930s laws that organized the electric sector: utilities got regional monopolies and state regulators could set the power tariff

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8
Q

Chapter 4

Busbar

A

The point that a generator connects to the grid (typically at an electric substation) and functions as a conductor of the electricity generated into the grid.
Because of the nature of that transformation; it is a good place to measure the quantity of energy as well as the cost or price – the place where all of the cost of generation are accounted for.The point that a generator connects to the grid (typically at an electric substation) and functions as a conductor of the electricity generated into the grid.
Because of the nature of that transformation; it is a good place to measure the quantity of energy as well as the cost or price – the place where all of the cost of generation are accounted for.The point that a generator connects to the grid (typically at an electric substation) and functions as a conductor of the electricity generated into the grid.
Because of the nature of that transformation; it is a good place to measure the quantity of energy as well as the cost or price – the place where all of the cost of generation are accounted for.The point that a generator connects to the grid (typically at an electric substation) and functions as a conductor of the electricity generated into the grid.
Because of the nature of that transformation; it is a good place to measure the quantity of energy as well as the cost or price – the place where all of the cost of generation are accounted for.

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9
Q

Chapter 4

Step up transformer/Step down transformer

A

Step up transfomers convert the voltage of the electricity from the generator into the type that the substation can use. They are located before the busbar or at the electricity substation.
Step dow transformers transforms electricity into lower voltages to enter the distribution gridStep up transfomers convert the voltage of the electricity from the generator into the type that the substation can use. They are located before the busbar or at the electricity substation.
Step dow transformers transforms electricity into lower voltages to enter the distribution gridStep up transfomers convert the voltage of the electricity from the generator into the type that the substation can use. They are located before the busbar or at the electricity substation.
Step dow transformers transforms electricity into lower voltages to enter the distribution gridStep up transfomers convert the voltage of the electricity from the generator into the type that the substation can use. They are located before the busbar or at the electricity substation.
Step dow transformers transforms electricity into lower voltages to enter the distribution grid

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10
Q

Chapter 4

Distribution

A

After a step dow transformer transforms electricity into lower voltages to be delivered to mid-size customers or transformed to further lower voltages (120V in the US) to commercial and residential facilities

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11
Q

Chapter 4

Frequency

A

Frequency of the oscillations of alternating current (AC) in an electric power grid transmitted from a power plant to the end-user.
Set at the generatorFrequency of the oscillations of alternating current (AC) in an electric power grid transmitted from a power plant to the end-user.
Set at the generatorFrequency of the oscillations of alternating current (AC) in an electric power grid transmitted from a power plant to the end-user.
Set at the generatorFrequency of the oscillations of alternating current (AC) in an electric power grid transmitted from a power plant to the end-user.
Set at the generator

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12
Q

Chapter 4

Electric meter

A

Measures the amount of electricity that is consumed by the end user

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13
Q

Chapter 4

Electricity

A

Kinetic energy; energy in motion. It must be used while available or stored for later use. If it is not; it will likely not be retrievable afterwards in a useful form for the system. Currently; electricity is very hard; if not impossible; to store
Best cost-efficient method to convert primary energy in a higher value stateKinetic energy; energy in motion. It must be used while available or stored for later use. If it is not; it will likely not be retrievable afterwards in a useful form for the system. Currently; electricity is very hard; if not impossible; to store
Best cost-efficient method to convert primary energy in a higher value stateKinetic energy; energy in motion. It must be used while available or stored for later use. If it is not; it will likely not be retrievable afterwards in a useful form for the system. Currently; electricity is very hard; if not impossible; to store
Best cost-efficient method to convert primary energy in a higher value stateKinetic energy; energy in motion. It must be used while available or stored for later use. If it is not; it will likely not be retrievable afterwards in a useful form for the system. Currently; electricity is very hard; if not impossible; to store
Best cost-efficient method to convert primary energy in a higher value state

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14
Q

Chapter 4

Operating parameters of the electricity system

A
  • Electricity Supply must always equal Electricity Demand (“Load”)
  • Small failures in one part of the system cascade through the system
  • System failures are very damaging* Electricity Supply must always equal Electricity Demand (“Load”)
  • Small failures in one part of the system cascade through the system
  • System failures are very damaging* Electricity Supply must always equal Electricity Demand (“Load”)
  • Small failures in one part of the system cascade through the system
  • System failures are very damaging* Electricity Supply must always equal Electricity Demand (“Load”)
  • Small failures in one part of the system cascade through the system
  • System failures are very damaging
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15
Q

Chapter 4

Load

A

Demand side of electricity; final user

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16
Q

Chapter 4

Current

A

Flow of eletric charge. DC to AC; and sometimes back to DC at the device.

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17
Q

Chapter 4

Locational marginal pricing

A

Reflects the value of the energy at the specific location and time it is delivered. It has two features:

  • When the lowest-priced electricity can reach all locations; prices are the same across the entire grid.
  • When there is congestion – heavy use of the transmission system – the lowest-priced energy cannot flow freely to some locations. In that case; more expensive electricity is ordered to meet that demand. As a result; the locational marginal prices are higher in those locations.Reflects the value of the energy at the specific location and time it is delivered. It has two features:
  • When the lowest-priced electricity can reach all locations; prices are the same across the entire grid.
  • When there is congestion – heavy use of the transmission system – the lowest-priced energy cannot flow freely to some locations. In that case; more expensive electricity is ordered to meet that demand. As a result; the locational marginal prices are higher in those locations.Reflects the value of the energy at the specific location and time it is delivered. It has two features:
  • When the lowest-priced electricity can reach all locations; prices are the same across the entire grid.
  • When there is congestion – heavy use of the transmission system – the lowest-priced energy cannot flow freely to some locations. In that case; more expensive electricity is ordered to meet that demand. As a result; the locational marginal prices are higher in those locations.
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18
Q

Chapter 4

Dispatch

A

Combination of all of the different technologies used to generate electricity to meet that Load.

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19
Q

Chapter 4

Types of load

A
  • Base load
  • Intermediate load
  • Peak load* Base load
  • Intermediate load
  • Peak load* Base load
  • Intermediate load
  • Peak load
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20
Q

Chapter 4

Base load

A

Portion of the load that is always demanded

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21
Q

Chapter 4

Intermediate load

A

Portion of the load that predictably rises from the low point (middle of the night in these locations and seasons) to the high point on a daily basis.

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22
Q

Chapter 4

Peak load

A

Load that occurs when the system is operating near its maximum. It is a load that is requiring the delivery electricity near maximum amount for any time during the year.

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23
Q

Chapter 4

Capacity factor

A

It is the ratio of the actual output of a power plant over a period of time to its potential output if it were possible for it to operate at full nameplate capacity indefinitely

24
Q

Chapter 4

Frequency regulation

A

Maintaining frequency is vital and have to be kept within very tight tolerance. It requires the use of equipment to both add and reduce the frequency very quickly (sometimes in less than a second).

25
Q

Chapter 4

Spinning reserves

A

A part of the operating reserves. It corresponds to the generation assets that are required to be available and operating in synchronization to provide very rapid replacement of any unexpectedly lost generation.

26
Q

Chapter 4

Operating reserves

A

Generating capacity available to the system operator within a short interval of time to meet demand in case a generator goes down or there is another disruption to the supply.
Most power systems are designed so that; under normal conditions; the operating reserve is always at least the capacity of the largest generator plus a fraction of the peak load.Generating capacity available to the system operator within a short interval of time to meet demand in case a generator goes down or there is another disruption to the supply.
Most power systems are designed so that; under normal conditions; the operating reserve is always at least the capacity of the largest generator plus a fraction of the peak load.Generating capacity available to the system operator within a short interval of time to meet demand in case a generator goes down or there is another disruption to the supply.
Most power systems are designed so that; under normal conditions; the operating reserve is always at least the capacity of the largest generator plus a fraction of the peak load.

27
Q

Chapter 4

Non-spinning reserves

A

A part of the operating reserves. Or supplemental reserve; it corresponds to the extra generating capacity that is not currently connected to the system but can be brought online after a short delay.

28
Q

Chapter 4

Black Start

A

The process of restoring a power station to operation without relying on the external electric power transmission network

29
Q

Chapter 4

Ancillary services

A

Short- and long-term planning and systemic reliability services that provides a utility to maintain grid operation

30
Q

Chapter 4

IRP

A

Integrated Resource Plan. Process of knowing which assets to procure; based on market characteristics and projected supply and demand conditions

31
Q

Chapter 4

How certain in electricity

A

Ensure:

  • Economic dispatch and market governance
  • Planning and regulatory approvals
  • Billing and support services
  • Obtaining investments and working capital
  • Risk management and forward marketsEnsure:
  • Economic dispatch and market governance
  • Planning and regulatory approvals
  • Billing and support services
  • Obtaining investments and working capital
  • Risk management and forward marketsEnsure:
  • Economic dispatch and market governance
  • Planning and regulatory approvals
  • Billing and support services
  • Obtaining investments and working capital
  • Risk management and forward markets
32
Q

Chapter 4

Cost of service recovery

A

Mechanism to provide revenue certainty to utilities in order to ensure required investments in the system. It includes operation and maintenance costs; taxes; depreciation and a rate of return for the investment
Calculation: TR=TC=[RB-D]ROR+OE+d+T
Where TR= total revenue; TC= total cost; RB= rate base or value of capital; D= accoumulated depreciation; ROR= rate of return; OE= operating expenses; d= annual depreciation cost; T= taxesMechanism to provide revenue certainty to utilities in order to ensure required investments in the system. It includes operation and maintenance costs; taxes; depreciation and a rate of return for the investment
Calculation: TR=TC=[RB-D]ROR+OE+d+T
Where TR= total revenue; TC= total cost; RB= rate base or value of capital; D= accoumulated depreciation; ROR= rate of return; OE= operating expenses; d= annual depreciation cost; T= taxesMechanism to provide revenue certainty to utilities in order to ensure required investments in the system. It includes operation and maintenance costs; taxes; depreciation and a rate of return for the investment
Calculation: TR=TC=[RB-D]ROR+OE+d+T
Where TR= total revenue; TC= total cost; RB= rate base or value of capital; D= accoumulated depreciation; ROR= rate of return; OE= operating expenses; d= annual depreciation cost; T= taxes

33
Q

Chapter 4

Rate base

A

Or value of the capital. It represents the aggregate investment made by utilities less any accumulated depreciation previously expensed against those assets

34
Q

Chapter 4

Stranded cost

A

Cost of investing in certain assets that are no longer in use; but they were deemed necessary given the market conditions at the time the investment was decided. The regulator must compensate the utility for these investments

35
Q

Chapter 4

Fixed charge

A

Fixed monthly payment for a customer to connect to the grid. It is often set at a uniform standard rate for residential households (Customer charge). Conversely; commercial and industrial customers typically see their fixed charge rise with the amount of maximum power that they will call on at any time (Demand Charge); measured by looking at their historical usage pattern.

36
Q

Chapter 4

Volumetric charge

A

It is the portion of the bill that rises with the amount of energy customer uses; and generally is tied to the costs are utility have to incur to provide that energy. There are three types of volumetric charge:
* Bulk pricing: it starts off high and decline with scale
* Tiered rate structure: it starts off low and rise in order to deter higher usage
* Time of use pricing: it rises and falls depending on the hour of the day in order to more closely track
the costs of provision that utility my spareIt is the portion of the bill that rises with the amount of energy customer uses; and generally is tied to the costs are utility have to incur to provide that energy. There are three types of volumetric charge:
* Bulk pricing: it starts off high and decline with scale
* Tiered rate structure: it starts off low and rise in order to deter higher usage
* Time of use pricing: it rises and falls depending on the hour of the day in order to more closely track
the costs of provision that utility my spare

37
Q

Chapter 4

Special rate cases

A

Additional rates established for non-standard activities:

  • Non-standard capital items: technological advances (smart grid; smart metering)
  • Rate overrides (rate changes due to external conditions)
  • Extraordinary costs (pension costs; environmental costs; storm damage costs)
  • Decoupling (changing demand conditions)Additional rates established for non-standard activities:
  • Non-standard capital items: technological advances (smart grid; smart metering)
  • Rate overrides (rate changes due to external conditions)
  • Extraordinary costs (pension costs; environmental costs; storm damage costs)
  • Decoupling (changing demand conditions)
38
Q

Chapter 4

Utility inefficiency

A

Is caused by:

  • Overcharging of costs
  • Incorrect depreciation allowance
  • Monopolistic tendencies of under-delivery that increase costs to consumers
  • Cross subsidization between regulated and competitive operations
  • Lack of cost discipline due to cost recoveryIs caused by:
  • Overcharging of costs
  • Incorrect depreciation allowance
  • Monopolistic tendencies of under-delivery that increase costs to consumers
  • Cross subsidization between regulated and competitive operations
  • Lack of cost discipline due to cost recovery
39
Q

Chapter 4

How a utility makes money

A

Through:

  • Increase the amount of assets in the rate base
  • Increase the allowed rate of return
  • Increase the allowed rate of return
  • Hold expenses below certain levels
  • Increase revenues beyond the forecasted amountThrough:
  • Increase the amount of assets in the rate base
  • Increase the allowed rate of return
  • Increase the allowed rate of return
  • Hold expenses below certain levels
  • Increase revenues beyond the forecasted amount
40
Q

Chapter 4

Goals of grid regulation

A

The goal is to ensure that:

  • Minimizing the system costs passed on to the customer; while providing a fair return for the utility (Cost Minimization)
  • Ensuring the highest reasonable degree of service availability for all customers. It includes: i) definition of consumers; ii) rate design; iii) level of service reliabilityThe goal is to ensure that:
  • Minimizing the system costs passed on to the customer; while providing a fair return for the utility (Cost Minimization)
  • Ensuring the highest reasonable degree of service availability for all customers. It includes: i) definition of consumers; ii) rate design; iii) level of service reliability
41
Q

Chapter 4

Public benefits charge

A

A charge added to a customer billing which is intended to cover costs related to services that a utility provides in the public interest. Often; these purposes are to correct for perceived externalities in the electricity production in transformation process; including economic or social inequities; environmental damage or encourage behavioral changes

42
Q

Chapter 4

Power pools

A

Formation of networks of generators to transact power and energy and back up supply during peak times or unexpected loss of power capacity. When large portions of territory are covered by these networks; it is called an Interconnection

43
Q

Chapter 4

Reserve margins Planning

A

Amount of generation capacity available to meet expected demand in planning horizon.

44
Q

Chapter 4

Vertically integrated utility

A

All aspects of electricity generation and delivery within a local territory are handled by a single entity or group of integrated entities

45
Q

Chapter 4

Deregulation

A

It is the process to change the structures regulated utilities. It means to move away from the regulated utility model and to allow for the market-setting of some components of rates in electricity bills; rather than through a regulatory process.

46
Q

Chapter 4

Unbundling

A

The separation of Distribution functions of utilities from those of Transmission and Generation

47
Q

Chapter 4

Benefits of vertical integration

A
  • Reduced operational and price risk
  • Reduced transaction and information costs
  • Long-lived; transaction specific assets* Reduced operational and price risk
  • Reduced transaction and information costs
  • Long-lived; transaction specific assets
48
Q

Chapter 4

Investor Owned Utilities

A

It is a business organization; providing a product or service regarded as a utility (often termed a public utility regardless of ownership); and managed as private enterprise rather than a function of government or a utility cooperative.

49
Q

Chapter 4

Public owned utility

A

Publicly-owned utilities are utilities owned by state or municipal government agencies.

50
Q

Chapter 4

Main constraints of the grid

A
  • Physical failure: inability of the grid to deliver energy

* Financial failure

51
Q

Chapter 4

Energy supply risks or constraints

A
  • Resource availability: risk of losing access to primary energy resources at a given time
  • Intermittency: A source of energy that is not continuously available due to some factor outside direct control (mainly solar; wind and wave resources)
  • Resource predictability: risks that the resources will be consistently available in the future
  • Water requirements: some thermal plants require water to operate
52
Q

Chapter 4

Demand side risks

A
  • Load uncertainty

* Changing demand patterns: change in demographics; usage of energy efficient devices; change in economic activitiy

53
Q

Chapter 4

Physical capital constraints

A
  • Loss of generator access: due to technical or geographical issues
  • Loss or congestion of transmission: loss of transmission or many demands on a limited asset-base
  • Cascading failures
  • Adequate reserve margins: insufficient spare capacity to make up for occuring losses
  • System security: physical or cyber security
54
Q

Chapter 4

Environmental constraints

A

Air pollution; carbon emissions; water pollution; noise and visual setting; safety

55
Q

Chapter 4

Other capital constraints

A
  • Financial capital
  • Human capital constraints
  • Political constraints/Regulatory risks

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