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AP PSYCHOLOGY > Ch.5 Sensation > Flashcards

Ch.5 Sensation Flashcards

0
Q

Adaptation

A

Refers to the decreasing response of the sense organs, the more they are exposed to a continuous level of stimulation

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1
Q

Transduction

A

Refers to the process in which a sense organ changes, or transforms, physical energy into electrical signals that become neural impulses, which may be sent to the brain for processing

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2
Q

Sensations

A

Relatively meaningless less bits of information that result when the brain processes electric signals that come from the sense organs

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3
Q

Perceptions

A

Meaningful sensory experiences that result after the brain combines hundreds of sensations

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4
Q

When you see an object, the eye

A

Reverses the image so it’s upside down in the eye but the brain turns objects we see right side up so we see the world as it is

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5
Q

Cornea

A

The rounded transparent covering over the front of your eye

The curved surface of the cornea focuses and bends light waves into a narrower beam

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6
Q

Pupil

A
  • Light passes through pupil after passing through the cornea
  • A round opening at the front of hour eye that allows light waves to pass into the eye’a interior
  • Grows larger or smaller because of iris
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7
Q

Iris

A
  • A circular muscle that surrounds the pupil and controls the amount of light entering the eye
  • iris contains pigment which gives eyes the color
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8
Q

What does an iris do in dim light? In bright light?

A

Dim light-iris relaxes, allowing more light to enter and the pupil dilates

Bright light-iris constricts, allowing less light to enter, pupil constricts

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9
Q

Lens

A
  • A transparent, oval structure whose curved surface bends and focuses light waves into an even narrower beam
  • the lens is adjusted to muscles that adjust the curve of the lens which adjusts the focusing
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10
Q

Retina

A
  • located at the very back of the eyeball
  • a thin film that contains cells that are extremely light sensitive (photoreceptors) and begin the process of transduction by absorbing light waves
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11
Q

Nearsightedness occurs when

A

The eyeball is too long so that objects are focused at a point in front of the retina

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12
Q

Farsightedness (hyperopia) occurs when

A

The eyeball is too short and objects are focused slightly behind the retina

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13
Q

How many layers does the retina have

A

3 layers of cells

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14
Q

Fovea

A

Location of many cones in the eye and is in the center of the retina

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15
Q

Rods have.

A

Rhodopsin

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16
Q

Cones have…

A

Opsins

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17
Q

Rods allow us to see

A

In dim light but only in black and white with shades of gray

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18
Q

Cones allow us to see

A

Color and fine details

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19
Q

Transduction in the eye occurs when:

A
  1. Rods and cones breakdown after absorbing light waves
  2. Breakdown of the cells generates a tiny electrical force which will
  3. trigger nerve impulses in neighboring ganglion cells
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20
Q

Blind spot in the eye

A

The point where the optic nerve exits the eye and goes to the brain

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21
Q

Layers of the retina

A

Back layer:rods and cones (where transduction occurs)
Middle layer: ganglion cells which is where impulses begin
Front layer: contains nerve fibers which carry impulses to brain

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22
Q

Impulses go to which brain parts

A

Optic nerve ➡️thalamus➡️primary visual cortex➡️visual association areas

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23
Q

Thalamus role in vision

A

Does some initial processing then relays the impulses to the occipital lobe

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24
Q

Function of primary visual cortex in vision

A

Turns impulses into basic lines and shadows

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25
Q

Visual agnosia

A

Having difficulty in assembling simple visual sensations into more complex meaningful images

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26
Q

Visual association area

A

Turns meaningless info from the primary visual cortex into meaningful images

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27
Q

Red wavelength

A

The longest of all the colors we can see

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28
Q

Trichromatic theory

A

Says that there are three different kinds of cones in the retina and each cone contains one of three opsins
Three opsins show colors of red, blue, or green

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29
Q

Creator of the trichromatic theory

A

Thomas young

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30
Q

Afterimage

A

A visual sensation that continues after the original stimulus is removed

31
Q

Creator of opponent-process theory

A

Ewald Hering

32
Q

Opponent-process theory

A

Says that ganglion cells in the retina and cells in the thalamus of the brain respond to two pairs of colors red-green and yellow-blue

33
Q

According to opponent process theory, when cells are excited they use this color of this color

A

Red (green when inhibited)

Blue (yellow when inhibited)

34
Q

Color blindness

A

The inability to extinguish two or more shades in the color spectrum

35
Q

Monochromats

A

People with total color blindness and can only see black and white

36
Q

Dichromats

A

Have trouble extinguishing red from green because they only have two kinds of cones instead of three

37
Q

High amplitude of sound waves means

A

Loud sounds

38
Q

High frequency of sound waves means

A

A high pitch

39
Q

Loudness

A

Your subjunctive experience of a sounds intensity

40
Q

Pitch

A

Our subjunctive experience of a sound being high or low which the brain calculated from specific stimuli

41
Q

The outer ear: consists of three structures

A
  1. External ear-an oval shaped structure
  2. the auditory canal-a long tube that funnels sound waves down it’s length so that the waves but the eardrum
  3. tympanic membrane-a taunt, thin structure, sound waves hit it and cause it to vibrate (aka the eardrum)
42
Q

Middle ear:one key structure

A

The ossicles; hammer, anvil, and stirrup

Greatly amplify the vibrations and on turn cause the oval window to vibrate

43
Q

Cochlea

A
  • inner ear

- Contains the receptors for hearing and it’s function is transduction

44
Q

Hair cells

A

Stick up from the cochlea’s bottom membrane (the basilar membrane), the cells are bent by vibrations which creates an electrical force and triggers a nerve impulse

45
Q

Auditory nerve

A

A band of fibers that carry nerve impulses to the auditory complex for processing

46
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A
  • located at the top edge of the temporal lobe

- transforms nerve impulses into basic auditory sensations, such as meaningless tones of various pitches and loudness

47
Q

Auditory association area

A

Receives meaningless auditory sensations in the form of neural impulses and combines them into meaningful songs, words, melodies, or sentences

48
Q

How does the brain figure out the direction a sound comes from?

A

Calculates the slight difference in time for the sound waves to get to each ear

49
Q

Frequency theory

A

Applies to low pitches sounds, says that the rate at which nerve impulses reach the brain determines how low a pitch is

50
Q

Place theory

A

Says that the brain determines medium to higher pitched sounds on the basis of the place on the basilar membrane where maximum vibration occurs

51
Q

Vestibular system

A
  • Located above the cochlea in the inner ear
  • filled with fluid that loves in response to your head
  • functions are to keep the head upright, maintain balance, and sense the position of your head
52
Q

Motion sickness

A

Consists of feeling discomfort, nausea, and dizziness in a moving vehicle

53
Q

Cause of motion sickness

A

A sensory mismatch between the information from the vestibular system and eyes- vestibular system tells you your heads bouncing but your eyes tell you things in the distance look steady

54
Q

Ménière’s disease

A

Results from a malfunction of the semicircular canals of the vestibular system; includes sudden dizziness, nausea, vomiting, spinning, and head splitting buzzing sounds

55
Q

Vertigo

A

Symptoms are dizziness and nausea, results from malfunction of the semicircular canals of the vestibular system

56
Q

Five basic tastes

A

Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami

57
Q

Taste buds

A

Shapes like mini onions, chemicals dissolve in saliva and activate taste buds which produce nerve impulses that go to the parietal lobe

58
Q

How often are taste buds replaced?

A

About every 10 days

59
Q

About 25% of people are

A

Supertasters a genetic trait

60
Q

Flavor

A

We experience flavor when taste and smell are combined

61
Q

Olfaction

A
  • is called a chemical sense because it’s stimuli are various chemicals that are carried by the air
  • sense of smell
62
Q

Olfactory cells

A

Receptors for smell and are located in two 1 inch square patches of tissue in the uppermost part of the basal passages

63
Q

The sense of touch includes

A

Pressure, temperature, and pain

64
Q

The skin has how many layers?

A

3

65
Q

Outermost layer of skin contains

A

A thin layer of dead cells with no receptors

66
Q

Hair receptors

A
  • respond when hairs are bent
  • when hairs are bent for a while, the receptors stop firing-sensory adaptation
  • in the middle and fatty layer of the skin
67
Q

Free nerve endings

A
  • near the Bottom of the outer layer of skin

- transmits information on both temperature and pain

68
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A
  • in the fatty layer of the skin
  • has distinctive layers
  • highly sensitive to touch
  • only type of receptor that responds to vibrations
69
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A
  • located in the parietal lobe

- transforms nerve impulses into sensations of touch, temp, and pain

70
Q

Gate control theory

A

Says that non painful impulses compete with pain impulses in trying to reach the brain. This competition creates a bottle neck or neural gate through which only a limited number of impulses can be transmitted

71
Q

Endorphins

A

Chemicals produced by the brain and secreted in response to injury or sever physical or psychological stress

72
Q

Dread affects

A

A persons perception of pain

73
Q

Cochlear implant

A

A miniature electronic device that is surgically implanted into the cochlea

74
Q

Conduction deafness

A

Can be caused by wax in the auditory canal, injury to the eardrum, or malfunction of the ossicles. These conditions interfere with the transmission of vibrations. Can be treated with hearing aids often

75
Q

Neural deafness

A

Can be caused by damage to the auditory receptors (hair cells), which prevents nerve impulses from reaching the brain. Cochlear implant helps treat it

76
Q

Decibel

A

Way of measuring loudness of sounds

AP PSYCHOLOGY (23 decks)

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