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anatomy > ch.7 > Flashcards

ch.7 Flashcards

1
Q

gathering information

A

sensory imput

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2
Q

monitor changes called stimuli occurring inside and outside the body

A

sensory receptors

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3
Q

nervous system processes and interprets sensory input and decides whether action is needed

A

integration

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4
Q

a response or effect activates muscles or glands

A

motor output

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5
Q

structural classification is based on the _______ of the nervous system

A

structures

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6
Q

structural classifications

A

CNS and PNS

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7
Q

functional classification is based on the _________ of the nervous system

A

activities

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8
Q

functional classification

A

sensory (afferent) division
motor (efferent) division

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9
Q

organs in the cns

A

brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

function of the cns

A

integration command center
interprets incoming sensory information
issues outgoing instructions

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11
Q

pns

A

nerves extending from the brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

carry impulses to and from the spinal cord

A

spinal nerve

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13
Q

carry impulses to and from the brain

A

cranial nerves

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14
Q

function of the pns

A

serve as communication lines among sensory organs, the brain and spinal cord, and glands or muscles

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15
Q

nerve fibers that carry out information to the central nervous system

A

sensory (afferent) division

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16
Q

carries information from the skin, skeletal muscles, and joints

A

somatic sensory (afferent) fibers

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17
Q

carries information from visceral organs

A

visceral sensory (Afferent) fibers

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18
Q

nerve fibers that carry impulses away from the central nervous system organs to efferent organs (muscles and glands)

A

motor (efferent) division

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19
Q

there are _____ subdivisions in motor (efferent) division

A

two

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20
Q

consciously (voluntarily) controls skeletal muscles

A

somatic nervous system= voluntary

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21
Q

automatically controls smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

A

autonomic nervous system= involuntary

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22
Q

sympathetic =

A

fight or flight responses

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23
Q

parasympathetic =

A

(homeostasis) regular bodily function

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24
Q

nervous tissue is composed of two types of cells

A

neurons and neuroglia

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25
Q

support cells in the cns are grouped together as

A

neuroglia

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26
Q

general functions of nervous tissue support cells

A

support
insulate
protect neurons

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27
Q

nervous tissue is made up of two principal cell types

A

supporting cells and neurons

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28
Q

resembles neurons
unable to conduct nerve impulses
never lose the ability to divide

A

supporting cells

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29
Q

abundant star-shaped cells; brace and anchor neurons to blood capillaries

A

cns glial cells: astrocytes

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30
Q

determines permeability and exchanges between blood capillaries and neurons

A

cns glial cells; astrocytes

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31
Q

protect neurons from harmful substances in blood and controls the chemical environment of the brain

A

cns glial cells; astrocytes

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32
Q

spiderlike phagocytes, monitor health of nearby neurons, dispose of debris

A

cns glial cells; microglia

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33
Q

lines cavities of the brain and spinal cords, cilia assist with circulation of cerobrospinal fluid

A

cns glial cells; ependymal cells

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34
Q

wrap around nerve fibers in the central nervous system, produce myeline sheaths

A

cns glial cells; oligodendrocytes

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35
Q

pns glial cells

A

shwann cells and satelite cells

36
Q

form myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the pns

A

shwann cells

37
Q

protect and cushion neuron cell bodies

A

satelite cell

38
Q

cells specialized to transmit messages (nerve impulses)

A

neurons

39
Q

nucleus and metabolic center of the cell

A

cell body

40
Q

processes fibers that extend from the cell body

A

neurons

41
Q

the metabolic center of the neuron

A

cell body

42
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

nissi bodies (clumps)

43
Q

intermediate filaments that maintain cell shapes

A

neurofibrils

44
Q

conduct impulses toward the cell body

A

dendrites

45
Q

neurons may have hundreds of

A

dendrites

46
Q

conduct impulses away from the cell body

A

axons

47
Q

neurons have only one axon arising from the cell body at the

A

axon nillock

48
Q

contains vesicles with neurotransmitters

A

end in the axon terminal

49
Q

are separated from the next neuron by a gap

A

axon terminals

50
Q

gap between axon terminals and the next neuron

A

synaptic cleft

51
Q

functional junction between nerves where a nerve impulses is transmitted

A

synapse

52
Q

a white fatty material covering axons; projects and insulates fibers; speeds nerve impulse transmission

A

myelin sheaths

53
Q

wraps axon in jelly roll-like fashion (pns) to form the myelin sheath

A

schwann cells

54
Q

part of the schwann cell external to the myelin sheath

A

neurilemma

55
Q

gaps in myelin sheath along the axon

A

nodes of ranulev

56
Q

produce myelin sheaths around axons of the cns

A

oligodendrocytes

57
Q

clusters of cell bodies in the cns

A

nuclei

58
Q

collections of cell bodies outside the cns in the pns

A

ganglia

59
Q

bundles of nerve fibers in the cns

A

tracts

60
Q

bundles of nerve fibers in the pns

A

nerves

61
Q

collections of myelinated fibers (tracts)

A

white matter

62
Q

mostly unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies

A

gray matter

63
Q

based on number of processes extending from the cell body

A

multipolar

64
Q

all motor and interneurons are

A

multiplayer

65
Q

most common structural type

A

multipolar

66
Q

bipolar neurons=

A

one axon and one dendrite

67
Q

located in special organs, such as hole and eye, rare in adults

A

bipolar

68
Q

have a short single process leaving the cell body

A

unipolar neurons

69
Q

found in PNS ganglia

A

sensory neurons

70
Q

conducts impulses both toward and away from the cell body

A

unipolar neurons

71
Q

ability to respond to stimulus and convert to a nerve impulse

A

irritability

72
Q

ability to transmit the impulse to other neurons, muscles, or glands

A

conductivity

73
Q

rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli; occurs over neural pathways called reflex arcs

A

reflexes

74
Q

what are the two types of reflexes?

A

somatic reflexes, autonomic reflexes

75
Q

reflexes that stimulate the skeletal muscles; involuntary, although skeletal muscles is normally under voluntary control

A

somatic reflexes

76
Q

example of somatic reflexes

A

pulling your hand away from a hot object

77
Q

regulate the activity or the smooth muscles, the heart, and glands

A

autonomic reflexes

78
Q

example of autonomic reflexes

A

regulation of smooth muscles, heart, and blood pressure, glands, digestive system

79
Q

the five elements of a reflex arc

A

sensory receptors
sensory neurons
integration center (CNS) interneuron
motor neuron
effector organ

80
Q

reacts to a stimulus

A

sensory receptors

81
Q

cames messages to the integram center

A

sensory neuron

82
Q

processes information and direct motor output

A

integration center (CNS) interneuron

83
Q

cames messages to an effector

A

motor neuron

84
Q

is the muscle or gland to be stimulated

A

effector organ

85
Q

simplest type (ex: patellar reflex/ knee jerk)

A

two-neuron reflex arcs

86
Q

consists of the five elements of a reflex arc (ex: flexor reflex/ withdrawal)

A

three neuron reflex arc

87
Q
A

anatomy (16 decks)

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