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From Flashcardlet > CHA Back Anatomy > Flashcards

CHA Back Anatomy Flashcards

0
Q

How many bones in vertebral column of an adult? Name the amount for each type.

A

26; cervical-7, thoracic-12, lumbar-5, sacral-1 (fused), coccygeal-1 (fused)

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1
Q

How many vertebral bones does a newborn have? Name the amount of each type.

A

33; types: cervical-7, thoracic-12, lumbar-5, sacral-5, coccygeal-3 to 4

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2
Q

What are the smallest vertebral bones? The largest? For what reason are they small/large in their respective positions?

A

Smallest: cervical; largest: lumbar; lumbar bones hold the most weight so they must be larger in size than either thoracic or cervical

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3
Q

What kind of bone is this?

A

cervical–small body, flat, small articular facets, foramen (holes) in transverse processes (sides of bone sticking out)

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4
Q

What kind of bone is this?

A

thoracic; costal facets for articulation with ribs (cups on “arms” reaching out), one foramen in middle

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5
Q

What kind of bone is this?

A

lumbar; largest bone, body looks like a kidney bean, one vertebral foramen, transverse processes long, slender and directed inward (short, spinous)

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6
Q

intervertebral discs {and function}

A

pads of fibrocartilage

  • act as shock absorbers
  • 1/4 length of vertebral column
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7
Q

nucleus pulposus

A

inner layer of intervertebral discs (gel-like)

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8
Q

anulus fibrosus

A

tough outer layer of intervertebral discs

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9
Q

vertebral foamina

A

tunnel in successive vertebrae that houses spinal cord

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10
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

fluid that bathes spinal cord and brain

located between pia mater and arachnoid mater

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11
Q

intervertebral foramina

A

formed between successive vertebrae and allow passage of spinal nerves

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12
Q

primary curvatures

A

thoracic and sacral; develop during the fetal period and concave anteriorly

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13
Q

secondary curvatures

A

cervical and lumbar

develop in response to forces generated as the infant begins holding its head erect and as toddler begins to walk

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14
Q

kyphosis

A

hunchback; abnormal increase in posterior curvature of the spine (most common is postural kyphosis)

-could be caused by resorption of the anterior parts of the thoracic vertebral bodies from osteoporosis

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15
Q

lordosis

A

abnormal increase in anterior curvature of the spine that may be caused by weakening of anterior abdominal wall musculature (from weight gain/pregnancy); may result in lower back pain

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16
Q

scoliosis

A

abnormal lateral curvature caused by absent half of vertebra or a wedge-shaped vertebra or by asymmetric weakness in back musculature

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17
Q

anterior longitudinal ligament

A

along front of vertebral bodies, connecting adjacent vertebrae

from occipital bone of skull to sacrum

helps to secure intervertebral discs

prevents hyperextension of vertebral column

whiplash–>cervical hyperextention occurs

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18
Q

posterior longitudinal ligament

A

posterior of vertebral bodies inside vertebral canal

from C2 to the sacrum; continuous with tectorial membrane (attached to occipital bone superiorly)

helps prevent hyper-flexion of vertebral column

helps prevent posterior protrusion (herniation) of discs

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19
Q

supraspinous ligaments

A

attach tips of adjacent vertebral spines

in cervical region, supra/inter ligaments greatly thickened to form ligamentum nuchae

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20
Q

ligamentum flavum

A

conects lamina of adjacent vertebrae

yellow in color

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21
Q

interspinous ligaments

A

connects adjacent vertebral spines

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22
Q

spinal arteries

A

supply blood to vertebral column, nerve roots and spinal cord

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23
Q

Arteries in cervical region

A

originate from occipital, vertebral, deep cervical and ascending cervical arteries

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24
Q

arteries in thoracic region

A

posterior intercostal arteries

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25
Q

arteries in lumbar region

A

subcostal and lumbars arteries

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26
Q

arteries in sacral region

A

iliolumbar and lateral sacrals

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27
Q

what is paresis and when does it happen?

A

it is when the blood supply is disrupted to the spinal cord, which causes weakness (paralysis can also occur)

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28
Q

plexus

A

is a branching network of axons outside of the central nervous system

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29
Q

external vertebral venous plexus

A

external to vertebral column

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30
Q

internal vertebral venous plexus

A

lies within vertebral canal

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31
Q

where do the vertebral plexuses drain?

A

into the vertebral intercostal, lumbar and lateral sacral veins

VERY IMPORTANT b/c provide a route for spread of infection/cancerous cell metastasis to vertebrae/spinal cord/brain

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32
Q

name the muscle layers in the back

A

superficial, intermediate and deep

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33
Q

which layers make the extrinsic muscles of the back?

A

superficial and intermediate layers

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34
Q

which layer makes up the intrinsic back muscles?

A

the deep layer

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35
Q

name the superficial muscles:

A

trapezius, latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae, rhoboids major and minor

all attach appendicular to axial skeleton

36
Q

trapezius

A

innervation: CN XI = motor

C3/C4 = sensory

Elevates, retracts, and rotates scapula

37
Q

latissimus dorsi

A

innervation: thoracodorsal n. C6/C7/C8

Extends, adducts, and medially rotates humerus

around chest cavity from spinal column

38
Q

levator scapulae

A

innervation: dorsal scapular nerve C5

Elevates scapula and tilts glenoid cavity inferiorly

think shoulder shrug

39
Q

rhomboids major and minor

A

innervation: dorsal scapular nerve C5

Retract scapula, rotate it to depress glenoid cavity, and fix scapula to thoracic wall

shapped like rhombus

40
Q

name the intermediate muscles

A

serratus posterior superior and serratus posterior inferior

41
Q

serratus posterior superior

A

innervation: 2nd to 5th intercostal nerves (T1-T4)

innervated by verntral primary rami and used during respiration

Elevates ribs

42
Q

serratus posterior inferior

A

innervation: T9-T12 spinal nerves

innervated by ventral primary rami and used during respiration

depresses ribs

43
Q

name prominant deep muscles

A

erector pinae group: spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis

also the splenius, semispinalis, multifidus and rotatores

44
Q

erector spinae group

A

spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis

all attached as posterior aspect of iliac crest, posterior sacrum, sacroiliac ligaments and lumbar/sacral spinous processes

innervation: dorsal rami of spinal nerves–>motor

CHEIF EXTENDERS OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN

45
Q

spinalis

A

medial muscle of erector spinae

46
Q

longissimus

A

intermediately of erector spinae (btwn spinalis and iliocostalis)

47
Q

iliocostalis

A

located laterally of erector spinae

48
Q

what occurs if the extenders of the vertebral column are injured?

A

cause back pain due to extension/lateral rotation of vertebral column

49
Q

splenius

A

(cervicis and capitis grouped)

innervation: dorsal rami of spinal nerves

50
Q

semispinalis

A

(capitis, cervics and thoracis grouped)

innervation: dorsal rami of spinal nerves

51
Q

multifidus

A

innervation: dorsal rami of spinal nerves

one of 4 muscles that innervated by these nerves

52
Q

rotatores

A

innervation: dorsal rami of spinal nerves (1 of 4 muscles)

53
Q

How many pairs of dorsal rami transmit sensory input from individual body segments?

A

31 {N 159, 171}

54
Q

ausculatory triangle

A

site on back where breath sounds may be most easily heard with stethoscope;

boundaries=latissimus dorsi, trapezius, and medial border of scapula; rhomboid major forms floor

55
Q

lumbar triangle (of Petit)

A

site where pus may emerge from abdominal wall

boundaries: latissimus dorsi, posterior border of external oblique muscle of abdomen and iliac crest [N 168]

56
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin/end?

A

begins (continuous) at medulla oblongata of brain and, in adults, terminates inferiorly at L1 or L2 vertebra

therefore is upper 2/3 of vertebral canal and surrounded by three meninges

57
Q

name the three meninges from deep to superficial layers

A

pia mater, arachnoid mater and dura mater

58
Q

where is the spinal cord enlarged?

A

cervical and lumbar enlargements where gives origin to brachial (arms) and lumbar plexuses (nerve branches), respectively

59
Q

besides the three menenges, how else is the spinal cord protected?

A

by the CSF in the subarachnoid space

60
Q

conus medullaris

A

where spinal cord tapers inferiorly

61
Q

filum terminale

A

terminal extension of pia mater that extends from conus to posterior surface of coccyx

62
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are attached to the spinal cord by ventral AND dorsal roots?

A

31

63
Q

what kind of nerves are ventral roots?

A

motor

64
Q

what kind of nerves are dorsal roots?

A

sensory

65
Q

dorsal root ganglion

A

dorsal root on spine that contains cell bodies from which axons extend

66
Q

how are the nerve roots different in the upper cervical region versus the lower, lumbar region?

A

in the upper region, the spinal nerve roots are short and run almost parallel to ground whereas, in the lumbar region, lumbar and sacral nerves run below the level of the termination of the cord (sag downward)

67
Q

cauda equina

A

long strings of nerves around the filum terminale [beyond the termination of the spinal cord]

68
Q

spinal nerves

A

from intervertebral foramina, these nerves emerge and each divides into a large ventral ramus and a dmaller dorsal ramus (both rami contain motor/sensory)

69
Q

from where are the ventral ramus and dorsal ramus derived?

A

spinal nerves through the intervertebral foramen

70
Q

dura mater

A

external membrane of dense, fibrous tissue that encloses spinal cord and cauda equina

superiorly, dura is continuous with meningeal layer of dura covering brain

inferiorly, dura ends on filum terminale (lower border of second sacral vertebra)

covers spinal nerve roots

71
Q

arachnoid mater

A

“spider”

delicate, impermeable membrane between dura and pia maters

separated from pia mater by CSF in subarachnoid space

arachnoid covers brain superiorly

inferiorly, ends on filum terminale at lower second sacral vertebra

continues along spinal nerve roots–>lateral extensions of subarachnoid space = “webs”

72
Q

pia mater

A

vascular membrane close to spinal cord and thinkened on either side between nerve roots to form denticulate ligament

(When do lumbar puncture–LP–it’s the last and hardest layer to get through)

extends along each nerve root as far as the spinal nerve

inferiorly, it is a terminal elongation of lower end of filum terminale

73
Q

denticulate ligament

A

passes laterally to adhere to arachnoid and dura (part of pia mater)

74
Q

spina bifida (L. bifidus)

A

cleft in two parts

results from vertebral laminae failing to fuse (at lower lumbar or sacral vertebral levels)–> presents as lack of spinous process

75
Q

spina bifida occulta (G. cultus)

A

to cover or hide

one or more spinous processes fail to form at lumbar/sacral levels

usually asymptomatic, may be marked by tuft of hair in skin over defect

76
Q

spina bifida cystica (G. kystis)

A

bladder

cyst protrudes through defect in vertebral arch

condition diagnosed in utero on basis of elevated levels of alpha-fetoprotein (amniocentesis/ultrasound)

may result in hydrocephalus (G. hydro) and neuro defects

77
Q

spina bifida cystica with meingocele

A

meninix=membrane, kele=tumor

protrusion of membranes of spinal cord through defect in spinal column; “cyst” lined by meninges and contains CSF

78
Q

spina bifida cystica with meningomyelocele

A

protrusion of membranes and spinal cord through the defect in vertebral column

displacement of cord stretches lumbosacral spinal nerves and results in bladder, bowel, lower limb weakness

79
Q

lumbar puncture

A

L4–>find by passing imaginary line btwn highest points on iliac crests

patient lies on side with vert. column well flexed and needle passed into vertebral canal either above/below L4

passes through: skin, fascia, interspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum, fatty tissue and internal vertebral venous plexus, dura mater and arachnoid mater

80
Q

herniation of nucleus pulposus

A

sudden increase in compression load–>annulus fibrosus ruptures, nucleus herniates posteriorly into vertebral canal, where presses on spinal nerve roots, spinal nerve or spinal cord

most common=lower lumbar and lower cervical regions

81
Q

slipped disc/ruptured disc

A

usually occurs posterolaterally within vertebral column lateral to thin posterior longitudinal ligament (where annulus fibrous is weak)

82
Q

vertebral venous plexus

A

provides a pathway for the spread of malignant disease from pelvis to the skull

83
Q

spinal cord ischemia

A

blood supply to spinal cord is meager; anterior and posterior spinal arteries have small and variable diameters and reinforcing segmental arteris vary in number and size

can follow minor damage to arterial supply as a result of regional anesthesia, pain block procedures or aortic surgery

84
Q

spondylitis

A

spondylos=vertebra; itis=inflammation

inflammation of one or more of vertebrae–>can result in additional bone growth by osteoblasts at margins of vertebral bodies

anterior longitudinal ligament and sacroiliac joints may undergo calcification–>ankylosis (joint stiffening)

85
Q

spondylolysis

A

lysis= loosening

loosening of firm attachemnt of contiguous bertebrae–>degenerative changes in intervertebral disks combined with additional bone growth by osteoblasts at margins of vertebral bodies

86
Q

spondylolisthesis

A

olisthesis= slipping and falling

forward movement of body of a lower lumbar vertebra on vertebra below it or upon sacrum

(Scotty dog “decapitated” because displaced anteriorly)

87
Q
A

From Flashcardlet (5 decks)

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