Changes in water stores, rainfall and cloud formation

Question 1

evaporation

Answer 1

liquid to gas/water vapour

Question 2

condensation

Answer 2

gas/water vapour to liquid

Question 3

freezing

Answer 3

liquid to solid

Question 4

melting

Answer 4

solid to liquid

Question 5

what do we say when a substance changes states?

Answer 5

its changed phases

Question 6

H2O facts (extra info)

Answer 6

Two Hydrogen molecule and one Oxygen molecules. -
This configuration allows for a very strong bond to form between them. -
This is known as a hydrogen bond.
As a result of this strong bond, water has a high level of surface tension. -
It can hold itself together as a drop on a surface rather than spreading our as a film. -
Some creatures use this property of water to move about on the surface of a pond. -
Because of this strong bond, a lot of energy is required for a phase change (fusion, vapourisation or especially sublimation).

Question 7

sublimation

Answer 7

solid to water vapour

Question 8

latent heat of vaporisation

Answer 8

the amount of heat required to convert a unit mass of a liquid into vapor without a change in temperature

Question 9

why is the met office trusted?

Answer 9

Met office is a trusted source of information because it’s a Uk weather organisation

Question 10

When do droplets of water in the air form ice crystals?

Answer 10

when clouds move into a part of the atmosphere that is below freezing

Question 11

why does the uk experience a lot of frontal rainfall?

Answer 11

The United Kingdom experiences a lot of frontal rainfall because we have weather systems called depressions that bring lots of cold and warm air together.

Question 12

frontal rainfall

Answer 12

1. frontal rainfall occurs when a warm front meets a cold front. 2. The heavier cold air sinks to the ground and the warm air rises above it.
2. When the warm air rises, it cools.
3. The cooler air condenses and form clouds.
   The clouds bring heavy rain.

Question 13

relief/orographic rainfall

Answer 13

1. Relief rainfall occurs when warm moist air from the Atlantic Ocean rises up over mountains.
2. When the warm air rises, it cools and condenses to form clouds, which bring rain.
3. Once the air has passed over the mountains, it descends and warms.
4. This creates drier conditions known as a rain shadow.

Question 14

convectional rainfall

Answer 14

1. Convectional rainfall usually occurs during the summer in the UK, when the sun heats the land.
2. This creates rising pockets of warm air, known as convection currents.
3. Warm air rises rapidly, where it starts to cool and condenses to form clouds.
4. These clouds can be large cumulonimbus clouds.
5. The clouds can produce heavy rainfall and thunderstorms.

Question 15

Cloud formation and precipitation

Answer 15

1. Condensation: water vapour into liquid - temperature cools so the air is able to hold less water vapour (dew point)
2. Transpiration: water is lost through evaporation from the leaves
3. When the clouds/ air cannot hold the amount of water, it will rain. Due to gravity.
4. Evapotranspiration
5. Evaporation: when water becomes a gas- into water vapour
6. Nuclei- dust particles in the air holds the water vapour together to form droplets
7. Visible mass of water droplets held in the atmosphere form clouds. Air is saturated and cannot hold any more water vapour.

Question 16

what causes precipitation?

Answer 16

when the clouds/ air cannot hold the amount of water, it will rain. Due to gravity.

Question 17

cryospheric (ice) processes

Answer 17

Processes that affect masses of ice

Input to a glacial system: snowfall and hail into the system = accumulation

Output of a glacial system: melting= ablation

Transfer: ice changing directly into water vapour= sublimation

Question 18

what is albedo?

Answer 18

the process of solar energy being reflected back into space from light/white surface.

Question 19

ice/glaciers as an example of positive feedback

Answer 19

In the short term snow accumulates and adds to the mass of the glacier or ice sheet. In recent years the climate has warmed leading to ice stores to shrink and retreat. As glaciers melt, sea levels rise which could destabilise ice shelves causing more calving and further melting.

Question 20

what is one impact of climate change upon global precipitation rates?

Answer 20

temperatures will rise leading to increased evaporation and higher amounts of rainfall in many places , with more intense bursts