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geography > Changing economic world-Overview > Flashcards

Changing economic world-Overview Flashcards

1
Q

What is GNI?

A
  • Gross national income
    -a measurement of economic activity calculated by dividing total national income by the size of the population
    -(money made abroad bt TNCs accounts for GNI)
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2
Q

What is quality of life?

A
  • The wide range of human needs that should be met alongside economic growth
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3
Q

What is HDI

A
  • Human development index
    -Composite measure using data on GNI, life expectancy and education (2 social, 1 economic) to calculate an index from 0-1
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4
Q

Nigeria HDI (2021)

A

0.535

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5
Q

What is the demographic transition model

A
  • Graphs birth rate, death rate and natural increase- proposes what should happen to a population over time and how it changes
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6
Q

Stage 1 of demographic transition model (DTM)

A
  • High fluctuating
    -Birth and death rates fluctuating
    -population low
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7
Q

stage 2 of DTM

A
  • Early expanding
    -Death rates drop drastically, birth rates remain high- natural increase
    -population on rise
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8
Q

Stage 3 of DTM

A
  • Late expanding
  • Death rates remain low, Birth rates begin to fall
    -Population large- still on rise
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9
Q

Stage 4 of DTM

A
  • Low fluctuating
    -Birth and death rates both low and fluctuating
    -Population large and plateauing
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10
Q

Stage 5 of DTM

A
  • Decline
    -birth rate goes below death rate- natural decline
    -population slowly decreases
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11
Q

Causes of uneven development

A
  • Historical
  • Physical
  • Economic
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12
Q

what are historical causes of uneven development

A
  • LICs colonised by powerful trading nations- much of Africa and south America
  • Only recently become independent and so are affected by power struggles and civil wars
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13
Q

what are physical causes of uneven development

A
  • Landlocked- countries are cut off from seaborne trade
  • Extreme weather- droughts, floods and tropical storms can slow development
  • Climate related diseases/pests- Diseases (eg malaria) affect ability of population to stay healthy for work, pests (eg locusts) can decimate crops
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14
Q

What are economic causes of uneven development

A
  • Poverty- Lack of money in a country slows development
  • Trade- wealthier regions are able to dominate trade as they export secondary goods for more income- meaning they are able to dictate terms of trade for their advantage, whereas LICs trade mostly primary goods which have low value/demand
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15
Q

what does uneven development lead to?

A
  • global inequalities in:
    -Wealth
    -health
  • global migration
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16
Q

Stats showing global inequalities in health

A
  • In LICs, 40% of deaths are in children under 15, compared to under 1% in HICs
  • In LICs, only 20% of deaths from people 70 or over, in HICs this is 70% of deaths
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17
Q

Stats showing global inequalities in wealth

A
  • 35% of total wealth is held in North America, only 5% of population
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18
Q

how many economic migrants in UK since 2004?

A

1.5 million

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19
Q

Different strategies to reduce development gap

A
  • Investment from TNCs
  • Industrial development
  • Aid
  • Intermediate/appropriate technology
  • Fairtrade
  • Debt relief
  • Microfinance loans
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20
Q

What is investment from TNCs- how does it work?

A
  • Large companies produce goods and services in many different countries as there is a low cost in short term
  • Cash injected helps countries develop- Multiplier effect etc
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21
Q

examples of TNCs

A
  • Mcdonalds
  • Shell
  • Apple
22
Q

Problems with TNC investment

A
  • Cheap labour- often leads to poor working conditions
23
Q
  • What is industrial development
A
  • Large scale introduction of factories in order to create manufactured goods which are more valuable than primary goods
  • Creates more jobs- less unemployed, taxes payed, multiplier effect etc
24
Q

Examples of industrial development

A
  • China- known as ‘workshop of world’ as had rapid development since 1800s
25
Q

Problems with industrial development

A
  • poor working conditions
  • factories produce a lot of CO2- environmental impacts
26
Q

what is aid/how does it work?

A
  • Gift of money, goods or services that doesn’t need repayment, usually from charities e.g Oxfam
  • helps struggling areas develop in short term
  • can create jobs- multiplier effect
27
Q

scale of TNC investment?

A

International

28
Q

scale of industrial development

A

National

29
Q

scale of aid

A

Local/national

30
Q

scale of intermediate tech

A

local/national scale

31
Q

scale of fairtrade

A

international scale

32
Q

scale of Microfinance loans

A

local scale

33
Q

problems with aid

A
  • not very long term- funds run out
34
Q

what is intermediate tech/how does it work?

A
  • providing things, such as sustainable energy or more efficient ways of cooking to help countries reach development goals
  • helps countries become developed on small scale, but if done everywhere, becomes large scale
35
Q

examples of intermediate technology

A
  • fuel efficient stoves- use 50% less wood
  • Water Aid- providing improved water supplies installing hand pumps to pump clean water
36
Q

What is fairtrade/how does it work?

A
  • alternate approach to trade
    -producer gets higher proportion of what consumer pays
37
Q

how many people benefit from fair-trade across Africa

A

7 Million

38
Q

problems with Fairtrade

A
  • Not available to all- farmers have to pay initially to be part of scheme- £500 + VAT
39
Q

what is debt relief/how does it work?

A
  • LICs owing money to international organisations/richer countries have debt dropped if money is ensured to be spent efficiently
40
Q

What are Microfinance loans/how do they work

A
  • Poor people in LICs/ NEEs borrowing small amounts of money with little interest to help start local development- multiplier effect
  • idea to develop small areas everywhere to cause large scale development
41
Q

Case study for tourism

A

Tunisia

42
Q

What economic classification is Tunisia?

A

NEE

43
Q

Why is Tunisia tourism industry growing- Climate

A
  • Hot summers and mild winters- attract sun seekers from UK
44
Q

Why is Tunisia tourism industry growing- Links w Europe

A
  • Easily accessible by low cost airlines to mainland Europe
  • ex-colony of France- attracts the French due to language
45
Q

Why is Tunisia tourism industry growing- Culture/history

A
  • Hosts 7 UNESCO world heritage sites
46
Q

Why is Tunisia tourism industry growing- Cheap package holidays

A
  • Government worked with tourist operators such as Tui to develop country into tourist destination- hotels, transport etc
47
Q

Why is Tunisia tourism industry growing- Physical landscape

A
  • Varied and diverse- beaches, mountains and desert
    -range of activities for tourists
48
Q

positive impacts of tourism in Tunisia

A
  • Tunisia one of fastest growing tourism economies worldwide
  • one of wealthiest countries in Africa
  • literacy rates increased from 66-79% since 1995
  • jobs created in hotels- multiplier effect
49
Q

negative impacts of tourism in Tunisia

A
  • Too much tourism can make area less attractive and reduce the amount of people wanting to travel here in future
  • economic growth focused mainly along coast- central and southern areas have less development
  • tourist areas use 8x as much water as the average in Tunisia
50
Q

stats about benefits of tourism in Tunisia

A
  • $900 million contributed to economy from tourism in 2009
  • 370,000 jobs directly/indirectly created by tourism in 2009

geography (10 decks)

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