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GCSE Geography > Changing Economic World - Overview And Nigeria > Flashcards

Changing Economic World - Overview And Nigeria Flashcards

1
Q

What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?

A

The total value (amount) of goods and services produced by a country in one year (per capita = divided by its total population)

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2
Q

What is migration?

A

The movement of people from one permanent home to another, with the intention of staying at least a year. This move may be within a country (national) or between countries (international).

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3
Q

What is Transnational Corporation (TNC)?

A

Initial investment and jobs lead to a knock on effect. This knock on effect creates more jobs and money which are then reinvested.

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4
Q

What is industrial structure?

A

The relative proportion of the workforce employed in different sectors of the economy (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary).

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5
Q

What is development?

A

The process of a country in terms of economic growth, the use of technology and human welfare.

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6
Q

What is the development gap?

A

The difference in standards of living and wellbeing between the worlds richest and poorest countries (HIC vs LIC).

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7
Q

What is Gross National Income?

A

Measurement of economic activity is calculated by dividing the gross (total) national income by the size of the population. GNI takes into account not just the value of the goods and services, but the income earned from investment overseas.

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8
Q

What is the Human Development Index?

A

A method of measuring development in which GDP per capita, life expectancy are combined to give an overview using social and economical indicators.

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9
Q

What does GNI stand for?

A

Gross National Income.

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10
Q

What is quality of life?

A

Refers to a wide range of human needs that should be met alongside economical growth.
Economic - income, jobs security, standard of living (housing, personal mobility)
Social - Family, Friends, Education and Health
Physical - diet/nutrition, water supply, climate, environment, hazards.
Psychological - happiness, security, freedom.

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11
Q

What are Low Income Countries (LICs)?

A
  • Includes 30 of the worlds poorest countries.
  • Most people have a poor quality of life with inadequate services and few opportunities, most of these countries are in Africa or Asia.
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12
Q

What are Newly Emerging Economies (NEEs)?

A
  • Includes countries such as Brazil, India and China.
  • They experience rapid economic growth and development based on industrial development incomes are rising.
  • Most people enjoy a reasonable standard of living.
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13
Q

Where are Low Income Countries (LICs) located?

A

Most of these countries are in Africa or Asia.

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14
Q

Where are Newly Emerging Economies (NEEs) located?

A

Includes countries such as Brazil, India and China.

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15
Q

What are High Income Countries (HICs)?

A
  • Includes 80 countries.
  • People enjoy a good standard of living based on relatively high levels of income (e.g. NW Europe, The USA, Japan, Australia and New Zealand.)
  • most of these countries have modern industries with high proportions of people working in the service sector.
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16
Q

Where are High Income Countries (HICs) located?

A
  • 80 countries.
  • NW Europe, USA, Japan, Australia and New Zealand.
17
Q

What are the BRICs and MINTs?

A

They are a group of fast developing countries.

18
Q

What does BRICs and MINTs stand for?

A

B - Brazil
R - Russia
I - India
C - China

M - Mexico
I - Indonesia
N - Nigeria
T - Turkey

19
Q

What are the 4 income levels?

A

L1 - Low income
L2 - Middle income
L3 - Middle income
L4 - High income

20
Q

What is the quality of life like for a person in the L1 income level?

A
  • earn minimum amount of money per day.
  • Walk barefoot.
  • Children don’t go to school.
  • Cannot afford meditation.
  • Dirty water.
  • Walk miles to find water.
  • same food everyday - lack nutrition.
  • Walk everywhere - their main form of transport.
21
Q

What is the quality of life like for a person in the L2 income level?

A
  • They earn more money than L1 a day.
  • Able to buy food you have not grown yourself.
  • Buy a bike for transport.
  • Gas stove
  • Children can attend school.
  • Not enough money to afford medicine.
  • Dirty water.
  • Sandals
  • Electricity - children can do homework.
22
Q

What is the quality of life like for a person in the L3 income level?

A
  • Clean water.
  • Savings - financial security.
  • Education has improved.
  • Food is better - more varied, they have a fridge.
  • Healthcare improved.
  • Some leisure time.
  • Can pay for medicine.
  • Motorbike for Transport.
23
Q

What is the quality of life like for a person in the L4 income level?

A
  • Hot and cold water.
  • Increased education.
  • Buy a car for transport.
  • Money to go on holiday and on planes.
  • Money to eat out.
  • High income.
24
Q

How can we measure development?

A
  • Gross National Income (GNI) per head.
  • birth and death rates.
  • Infant mortality.
  • Life expectancy.
  • People per doctor.
  • Literacy rates
  • access to safe water.
  • Human Development Index (HDI)
25
Q

What are the limitations to the measurement of Gross National income per capita?

A
  • This measurement only takes into account one factor - income.
  • The measurement is an average calculation so a few wealthy people could distort the whole figures.
  • data about incomes is sensitive, so people many not always be honest about their earnings.
  • People working in the informal sector, may not be taken into account.
26
Q

What are the limitations to the measurement of Birth rate?

A
  • some countries may have low birth rates but are actually quite poor - this is due to political decisions to invest more money into healthcare than other sectors.
  • Birth control policies can distort this as a measure of overall development.
27
Q

Why do Birth rates generally decrease as a country becomes more developed?

A
  • Women are likely to be educated and seek a career.
  • They marry later and have fewer children.
  • Better access to healthcare means that family size decreases as children are less likely to die in infancy.
28
Q

Why are Birth rates generally higher in poor countries?

A
  • Large families ensure a decent income for the family and provide support for ageing parents.
29
Q

Where are the highest death rates?

A
  • Death rates are generally low throughout the world due to improvements in healthcare.
  • Highest rates are in Africa and parts of the Middle East.
  • Some of the lowest death rates are in NEEs where improved quality of life means people are starting to live longer.
30
Q

What are the limitations to the measurement of death rate?

A
  • Death rate is a less reliable measurement of development to birth rate.
  • death rates can be high in some LICs due to poverty, but also high in HICs where many people are dying of old age.
31
Q

What are the limitations to the measurement of infant mortality?

A
  • Good measure of development as it reflects the level of healthcare and service provision in a country.
  • In the poorest countries, not all the deaths of children are reported, especially in remote areas, true rates may be even higher.
32
Q

What is infant mortality?

A

The number of deaths of children less than one year of age per 1000.

32
Q

What are the limitations to the measurement of life expectancy?

A
  • Data is not always reliable, especially in LICs.
  • It can be slightly misleading in countries with very high rates of infant mortality as people surviving infancy may live longer than expected.
  • Good measure of development, reflects healthcare and service provision.
33
Q

What is life expectancy?

A

The average number of years a person in a country can be expected to live.

34
Q

What are the limitations to the measurement of literacy rate?

A
  • Hard to measure in LICs due to lack of monitoring.
  • War zones and squatter settlements are difficult areas to measure literacy rate.
35
Q

What is literacy rate?

A

The percentage of people with basic reading and writing skills.

36
Q

What are the limitations to the measurement of percentage of access to safe water?

A
  • Data collection in LICs is not likely to be accurate, official figures may underestimate the problem.
  • People may technically have access but high costs may force them to use water that is not safe.
  • In the EU, which includes many HICs, all people should have access to water by law.
37
Q

What is the Human Development Index (HDI)?

A
  • Measurement using data on income, life expectancy and education to calculate an index from 0-1 (1 is the highest, and 0 is the lowest.
  • Developed by the UN to show how far people benefit from economic growth.
38
Q
A

GCSE Geography (13 decks)

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