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geography > Changing Places > Flashcards

Changing Places Flashcards

1
Q

Place

A

Abstract notion of space
Space becomes a place as we get to know it better
Multidimensional
Subjective aspects
Noun-a location
Verb-particular position

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2
Q

Tourist gaze

A

Organized by businesses and governments and consumed by the public
Cultural places and sites for adventure tourism
Meaning and importance
Peoples different perceptions of place can lead to conflict

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3
Q

Globalisation

A

Made place less important
Produced identical or homogenized places
e.g. Increased global chains

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4
Q

James Kunstler talks of geography is nowhere

A

Urban sprawl has led to community-less cities
Argues that every place is like no place in particular

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5
Q

Locale

A

Takes into account the effect that people have on their setting
Place is shaped by the people, cultures and the customs within it

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6
Q

Placemaking

A

Deliberate shaping of an environment to facilitate social interaction and improve a community’s quality of life

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7
Q

Sense of place

A

Subjective and emotional attachment people have to a place

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8
Q

Yi-Fu Tuan (1979)

A

Place= binary opposition of the notion of space
Topophilia
Takes a humanist perspective and phenomenological approach
Attachment to a place influenced by the quality or intensity of experience

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9
Q

Doreen Massey (1994)

A

Place= porous and a process
Do not have boundaries
Places are ports, fluid and dynamic
Places connected to others nationally and internationally by radiating
Influence
Some people able to move freely whilst others are trapped in inhospitable locations

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10
Q

Topophilia

A

People have a bond with A certain place based on experience

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11
Q

David Harvey’s time-space compression

A

Transport and technology
Death of distance
Shrinking world effect
Relative distances between places contract

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12
Q

Globalisation

A

The process through which and increasingly free flow of ideas, people, goods, services and capital leads to the integration of economies and societies

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13
Q

Four strands of globalisation

A

Economic
Social
Political
Cultural

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14
Q

Theoretical approaches to place

A

A descriptive approach
A social constructionist approach
A phenomenological approach

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15
Q

Identity

A

Place is critical to the construction of our identity
People define themselves through a sense of place
Overtime a person place relationship is developed
Promotion of place is crucial in marketing
Selling a lifestyle based on place

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16
Q

Scales

A

Local
Regional
National
International

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17
Q

Belonging

A

Key factor that makes a place sustainable andsuccesstu

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18
Q

Transition town movement

A

Initiative that places great emphasis on community involvement
Transition network- Founded in 2007
Now 1200 transition initiatives worldwide

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19
Q

Anti-costa campaign in Totnes, Devon in 2012

A

Resisting the power of globalisation
Support the independent high street
Boycott any coffee shop chain that came to totnes
Within weeks 3/4 towns population signed

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20
Q

glocalisation

A

Multinational companies are also increasingly having to adapt to the local marketplace
e.g. McDonalds
McCurry burgers
McSushi

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21
Q

Cultural diversity and place

A

As globalisation and migration hay increased many places have become much more ethnically and culturally diverse
e.g. London referred to tone of the worlds most multicultural cities

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22
Q

Elephant and castle (south London)

A

Latin-american meeting point
Brings closer to homeland
Provides information
Going through gentrification ( termed social cleansing)

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23
Q

beyond banglatown
past

A

tea and spice auctions
break bulk shipping- c.1940s
french, Jewish, Irish, south Asians
seafarers (cafes)
racism
Altab Ali- mudered 1978
protests
biggest demonstration in asian history (20000 people)
commercial enterprise
tourist area
encourage visitors
1980-90s Indian restaurants

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24
Q

beyond banglatown
present

A

lost the name (people moved out)
gentrification
mainly focused on Bangladeshi food
neighbour of rich areas
becoming another high street

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25
Q

gentrification

A

character of a poor urban area is changed by wealthier people moving in, improving housing, and attracting new businesses, often displacing current inhabitants in the process

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26
Q

well-being/ what makes a good place to live?

A

sense of belonging
age
gender
socio-economic status
religion
level of education
sexuality
influence peoples feelings and perceptions towards a place

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27
Q

2014 Sunday times best places to live in Britain

A

1- Skipton in North Yorkshire (proximity to Yorkshire dales, great schooling, independent shops)
2- Newnham ‘country living in the heart of Cambridge’
‘genuine village feel’

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28
Q

insider

A

the perspective of someone who knows a place well
familiar with its topography and daily rhythms and events

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29
Q

outsider

A

the perspective of someone who does not know a place well
someone who is marginalized in a community

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30
Q

nimby

A

‘not in my backyard’
applied to local opposition of developments

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31
Q

homeless people and place

A

often marginalized and pushed out
often have complex issues and need help with physical and mental health
often seen as criminals or ghosts

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32
Q

defensive design

A

architecture designed for homeless people to not fit into
close attention to detail
designed to moderate behaviour
can deter crime
hostile looking

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33
Q

gender stereotypes

A

affects the type of places in which people feel comfortable

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34
Q

migrants and refugees

A

often minorities/ marginalized communities positioned as outsiders
referred to as ‘out of place’
negative terminology
clustered across the uk

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35
Q

Is the rural accessible to all and important to all

A

historically most immigrant populations moved into urban areas so populations of black and Asian people have little connection to the rural idyll

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36
Q

near and far places

A

geographical distance
emotional connection
personal experience

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37
Q

experienced places

A

those places that a person has spent time in

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38
Q

media places

A

those that a person has only read about or seen on film
reality of a place can be far different to that put across the media mostly through the portrayal of rural places

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39
Q

census

A

quantitative data collection method
on how many people are what race

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40
Q

agents of change

A

the people who impact on a place whether through living, working or trying to improve that place

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41
Q

endogenous factors

A

this refers to the characteristics of the place itself or factor which have originated internally

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42
Q

exogenous factors

A

refers to the relationship of one place with other places and the external factors which affect this

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43
Q

infrastructure

A

relates to the services considered essential to enable or enhance living conditions

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44
Q

diaspora

A

a scattered population whose origin lies in a separate geographic location
people who originate from one place but then spread out and live in many places

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45
Q

characteristics of a place

A

location
topography
physical geography
land use
built environment
infrastructure
demographic
economic

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46
Q

settlements

A

nucleated
dispersed
linear

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47
Q

de-industrialisation

A

brought about wholescale change in the economic structure of places
led to unemployment and urban decline in cities with a traditional manufacturing base

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48
Q

negative implications of a dynamic sense of place

A

them and us attitude in the local population
racism and xenophobia
geographical clustering of different ethnic or immigrant communities impending cultural integration
older people feeling excluded from new developments and influences

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49
Q

positive implications of a dynamic sense of place

A

multi- culturalism
social and economic mixing
community engagement with the processes of change
new leisure opportunities

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50
Q

factors influencing character of place

A

economic factors tend to have the biggest impact on the character of place

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51
Q

special economic zone
SEZ

A

an area in a country that is subject to different economic regulations than other regions in the same country
the aim is to increase trade, employment, investment
e.g. Shenzhen where Apple products are made in China

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52
Q

Enterprise zone

A

an area in which state incentives such as tax concessions are offered to encourage business investment

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53
Q

Tax holiday

A

a government incentive program that offers a tax reduction or elimination to businesses
help stimulate foreign investment
often used to reduce sale taxes by local governments

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54
Q

incentive

A

a thing that motivates or encourages someone to do something

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55
Q

subsides

A

a sum of money granted by that state or a public body to help an industry or business keep the price of a commodity or service low

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56
Q

multiplier effect

A

a phenomenon whereby a given change in a a particular input, such as government spending, causes a larger change in an output, such as gross domestic product

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57
Q

factors influencing character of a place

A

migration
conflict and refugees
terrorism
industrial accidents
natural disasters
climate change
economic
external forces

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58
Q

UN

A

united nations 1945
aims too keep peace, friendly relations, improve lives of poor
193 member states

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59
Q

IMF

A

international monetary fund
acts as a regulator of financial flows and stabiliser of the system

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60
Q

World Bank

A

USA centric
provider of support for less developed countries and aims to reduce poverty

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61
Q

WTO

A

world trade organisation
manages trade and investment inequalities

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62
Q

WHO

A

world health organisation 1948
promotes health, UN agency responsible for international public health

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63
Q

Stakeholder conflict

A

Conflict may arise when people resist changes forced upon their place
e.g. Redevelopment of areas of east London for the 2012 Olympic Games was not welcomed by everybody
e.g. No Wey incinerator

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64
Q

The secret history of our streets

A

Poverty maps of Charles booth c.1886
Deptford high street
Portland road, Notting Hill
Categories on 1800s map

65
Q

National trust estates

A

David Harvey and Doreen Massey place is socially constructed

66
Q

Royal / aristocracy influencing place

A

HRH Prince of Wales ls famously outspoken about British architecture
10 principles
“ Ugliness and mediocrity of public and commercial buildings”

67
Q

Bornville village, Birmingham

A

The Cadburys- place shaped almost entirely by the beliefs and ideals of one industrial family (1879)
“ Garden suburb “
Kraft - invested in Cadbury
Quality decrease, 30000 jobs at risk, hostile takeover

68
Q

Devonport Plymouth, Devon

A

Changed over last 50 years due to external factors
Naval dockyard Town
Fortunes fluctuated
Navy storage enclave 3 m wall (1952)
Community split in two
2001- 11 new Dean for communities initiative provided 10 years of funding to deprived areas
Physical environment changed
Still pockets of deprivation

69
Q

location of Medellin

A

North West Colombia
near equator
South America

70
Q

Why have many people fled from rural areas to cities like Medellin for safety from 1948 until today?

A

due to the war between the government and rebel groups
one main group being the FARC

71
Q

Medellin population today

A

2.2 million

72
Q

Medellin population 2017

A

2.4 million

73
Q

Who were the types of people moving to Medellin?

A

farmers went with little money or skills
were displaced and didn’t feel part of the city
valley became overpopulated
informal housing
issues in slums- unemployment, violence and lack of services

74
Q

% of Colombia’s GDP comes from Medellin

A

11%

75
Q

Raw materials near Medellin

A

gold
coffee
coal

76
Q

Medellin random facts

A

it has many unis
hydroelectric plants which produce energy from water in rivers flowing downhill
1991- murder rate of 380 per 100000, fallen by 80% since then

77
Q

2016 peace agreement

A

the FARC and government
DDR began
M-19 also did DDR but in 1991
Gustavo Petro (current president) is a former menber of M-19
powerful leader for peace, global force for climate change and supports reduction in poverty and inequality
peace agreement was voted on and it didnt go through as people didnt think it was fair to have seats in gov to people who had been murderers and lead a war

78
Q

Medellin nickname

A

The City of Eternal Spring

79
Q

Medellin more facts

A

second largest city in Colomia
for a long period associated with drugs and violence
dubbed the most dangerous city in the world
drug lord Pablo Escobar held enormous power until his death- 1993
high unemployment, crime and poverty
social inequality
model for urban regeneration and sustainable city
long term investments
city is quite accessible
improved transport

80
Q

Medellin
Metroplus

A

bus rapid transit system
dedicated bus lanes
above ground tram system
city wide ride sharing program

81
Q

Medellin
EnCicla initiative

A

a free bike sharing program

82
Q

what budgets have been increased in Medellin?

A

education
social programmes
public arts
culure

83
Q

what rates have fallen in Medellin?

A

poverty

84
Q

Cable Cars in Medellin

A

connect the downtown city with the lower income neighbourhoods
increasing opportunities
Ex Mayor- Sergio Fajardo 2004-2008 behind regeneration

85
Q

Medellin award 2013

A

most innovative city award by the Wall street Journal and Citibank
shows global recognition

86
Q

Colombian Traffic and Pollution management Policy

A

peak times- only certain number plates on vehicles can drive
reduce traffic
reduce air pollution
restricts drivers

87
Q

Comuna 13

A

many go to film music videos and adverts
artsy and hipster place
attracts influencers
Clombian Coca Cola advert filmed there for creative vibes

88
Q

JBalvin says
interview

A

we are changing it coming from negative to positive
we dont see it as cool because he killed everybody
USA glamorizes Pablo Escobar
Escobar screwed up a whole generation for easy money
there are now better images of colombia

89
Q

location of detroit

A

north east USA
state= michigan
in the great lakes district on lake erie

90
Q

top facts about detroit

A

largest and most populous city in michigan
elevation 200m above sea level
music genres of motown and techno were born in detroit
the word detroit is french for straight
19th century- became an idustrial hub
20th century- became synonymous with the american automotive industry

91
Q

a transport hub

A

detroit is located in a very advantageous physical geography
on the detroit river which later connects to the atlantic ocean
19th century- shipping and shipbuilding brought wealth to the city
mansions were built and demonstrates the wealth over the time

92
Q

steel boom to rust belt

A

had significant population growth in the 19th century
20th century- population and land area took off
home grown companies manufactured new consumer products for customers across USA and around the world
e.g. ford and general motors
economic decline in the late 20th century the area became known as the rust belt

93
Q

how many companies sprang up in detroit in the early 20th century

A

125 auto companies

94
Q

how many did ford employ at its peak

A

90000 people at its peak

95
Q

word of fords high wages
(5 dollar day)

A

turned the motor city into one of the most racially and ethnically diverse places in america
1940- one of the largest private employers of african americans in the us

96
Q

how many in six working americans where employed in the automobile industry by the mid 20th century

A

1 in 6

97
Q

the big three auto firms
based in detroit

A

general motors
ford
chrysler

98
Q

new workers needed
detroit

A

20th century- millions of african americans travelled north from the rural southern states to the north at mid west to apply for the new jobs created in the automotive industry
known as the great migration
1916-1970 6 million african americans
driven in part by racism they experienced in the south
felt pushed out by the lack of economic opportunities apart from labouring on plantations

99
Q

growth of the city and the suburbs

A

detroit welcomed many african americans into the city alongside southern and eastern europeans

100
Q

primary

A

retrieval of raw materials

101
Q

secondary

A

manufacturing doing something with the raw material to turn it into another product

102
Q

tertiary

A

ervices

103
Q

quaternary

A

knowledge- information based services

104
Q

competition and fuel insecurity

A

1970s onwards international oil crises prompted drivers to buy vehicles with greater fuel economy
competitors produced more desirable models causing detroits big employers to suffer a decline in sales and profits
cut down jobs and shut down less efficient plants
rising number of unemployed in detroit
fall in taxes- less to invest in public services

105
Q

forces of change or more of the same?

A

detroit still backed the automotive industry
struggling to reinvigorate itself
ford financed renaissance center in 1977
planned as iconic development
widely criticized
not the headquarters of general motors
2008- toyota became leading global producers in auto industry-japan was taking over

106
Q

detroit positive news stories

A

2014- residents plant 15000 trees in a a day
2003- detroit to revive: one neighbourhood at a time

107
Q

detroit negative news stories

A

2013- latgest ever city bankruptcy
motor city declines by 25%

108
Q

racial disintegration
detroit

A

issues with racial integration
motown played an important role in racial integration 1960s-70s
race riots 1943 and 1967 demostrated racial harmony was not always possible in the pursuit of the american dream in detroit
1970s- authorities accused of supporting racial segregation od schools and housing

109
Q

disintegration

A

growing and entrenched segregation of white and african american residents

110
Q

white flight
detroit

A

troubles prompted middle class white families to move out of the city to the suburbs of metropolitan
detroit
made possible by their higher incomes
sought better schools less crime and a higher quality of life

111
Q

segregation
detroit

A

some white districts placed physical barriers in roads to maintain divide- removed in 2019 due to obvious classism and racism
85% Grosse Point Park residents= white
82% detroit city= african american

112
Q

impacts of decline in detrot

A
  • deindustrialisation due to removal of car manufacturing
  • 2013 state filed for bankruptcy
  • outward migration
  • urban decay
  • 80000 abandoned homes demolished
  • drug gangs take over abandoned areas
  • arsonists in abandoned properties
  • 60% declining population since 1950
  • school closures
  • abandoned shops
113
Q

what were the results of the decline of the motor industry in detroit?

A
  • loss of social and municipal services
  • population decline in detroit
  • unemployment and lack of skillls
    -house prices reduced
    -urban decay
  • crime
  • segregation
  • poverty
114
Q

objective

A

not influenced by personal feelings or opinions in considering and representing facts

115
Q

qualitative data

A

information that non numerical

116
Q

quantitative data

A

data that can be quantified
numerical

117
Q

representation

A

how a place is portrayed or seen in society

118
Q

subjective

A

based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes or opinions

119
Q

formal representation of place

A

more objective based on facts
statistical representations

120
Q

informal representation of place

A

contrasting media
creative, selective and stylised
often political or satirical
express deeper meaning
connects to someones insider view lived experience or emotional connection

121
Q

statistics
- UK census

A

used to detail the social and economic characteristics of the population
can reveal basic information
Office for National Statistics
every ten years
can be objective or subjective
tell us little about the human experience of a place and what its like to live there

122
Q

Maps

A

long been used to locate places but they can also influence how we think or feel about a place
throughout history they have distorted reality
- during the period of colonial expansion maps exaggerated area size and resources
maps can include hidden bias and influence

123
Q

counter-mapping

A

describes a bottom up process
by which people produce their own maps informed by their own local knowledge and understanding of places
not only provides factual information but also conveys a sense of place

124
Q

the mercator map projection

A

first used in the 16th century as a navigational map for sailors
does not accurately depict the size of the earths northern and southern latitudes
it distorts the relative size of land masses
map is eurocentric

125
Q

biomapping

A

the mapping of emotions shown by people to certain places through uses of a device which records the wearers galvanic skin response

simple indicator of emotional response in conjunction with a geographical location

126
Q

GIS

A

a spatial system that creates, manages, analyses and maps all types of data
connects data to a map, integrating location data with all types of descriptive information
helps understand patterns, relationships and geographic content
improved communication and efficiency

127
Q

digital or ‘ augmented ‘ place

A

rise in the use of digital technology has led to much discussion about the notion of digital place
parallel interactive places are seen as virtual places rather than real places
development of GPS- capable mobile devices has meant real places have become layed and augmented by technological advances

128
Q

interviews

A

generate detailed insights about a persons sense of place or perception of place
first hand or direct reports of experiences opinions and feelings
tend to be more informal, open ended, flexible and free flowing

129
Q

ethnography

A

research method that explores what people do as well as say
ethnographer would participate in the daily life of a person

130
Q

structured interviews

A

basically a questionnaire with the questions read out and the answers recorded
means asking respondents exactly the same questions in the same way

131
Q

structured interviews
advantages

A

standardized- reliable data
data can be collected quickly
presence of a researcher can improve response rates
respondents can check meaning of the question

132
Q

structured interviews
disadvantages

A

more time consuming than a questionnaire
may be interviewer bias
can limit the opportunity

133
Q

semi- structured interviews

A

somewhere between questionnaire and flowing conversation
open questions linked to researchers topic of interest

134
Q

semi- structured interviews
advantages

A

interviewer can follow up issues that are mentioned
interviewer can prompt or encourage fuller answers

135
Q

semi- structured interviews
disadvantages

A

doesnt gain the reliability of structured or the depth of the unstructured
data could be less reliable

136
Q

unstructured interviews (qualitative data)

A

also known as in depth interviews
more like a conversation
interviewer can ask follow up questions

137
Q

unstructured interviews
advantages

A

discussion can develop
- great detail
- expression and emotions
natural setting can encourage openess and honesty
responder can answer in their own words

138
Q

unstructured interviews
disadvantages

A

time consuming to conduct and transcribe
smaller samples are therefore used
analysing the information can be complicated and subjective
interviewer bias
could be a power dynamic

139
Q

focus groups (qualitative data)

A

a group of people are encouraged to discuss an issue with a researcher
researcher keeps the discussion on topic and encourage all members to participate
discussion is recorded

140
Q

Focus groups
Advantages

A

Views and opinions can be explored in detail
More informative and revealing
Collects information from more people in less time
Could introduce ideas researcher had not considered

141
Q

Focus groups
Disadvantages

A

Moderation needs to be skilled to keep the discussion focused
Some may not be able to share ideas in a group setting
Results likely to be representative
Dominant member might influence contributions reducing the validity
Difficult to analyse

142
Q

Questionnaire

A

List of questions on paper or online
Respondent reads without researcher present
Large number involved easily and quickly
Considered reliable
Requires short answers - closed questions
Anonymous

143
Q

Likert scale

A

Used in questionnaires
Is designed to measure peoples attitudes, opinions or perceptions
Categories of response a coded numerically
e.g. Strongly agree, disagree

144
Q

Open questions

A

Questions where people can talk freely about how they feel
Long answers
Descriptive and explanatory
Promotes thinking and analysing
Contain more information

145
Q

Closed questions

A

Questions which have 1 word/number answers
Short answers
Multiple choice
Quick to answer

146
Q

Questionnaires
Disadvantages

A

Rely on closed questions
Questions may not be important to respondent
Respondents might not understand the question
Do not allow respondents to expand or explain
Creating good quality questionnaire is difficult
Respondents may not tell the truth especially if its a sensitive topic

147
Q

Alton Location

A

Hampshire- South East England
middle of Winchester and London
historically known as a stopping point between
on the River Wey
just outside south downs national park
well connected to london and winchester by road and train

148
Q

Human characteristics of alton

A
  • skate park
  • train station and water cress line
  • jain austen trail
  • college
  • primary schools
  • 4x secondary schools
  • market town
  • pubs
  • brewery in past
  • smaller shops
  • chain stores
  • supermarkets
  • 6 residential care homes
  • dominated by elderly people
  • paired with towns in italy and france
  • library
  • restaurants
  • cafes
  • bus
  • wards
149
Q

physical characteristics of alton

A
  • river Wey
  • rural
  • surrounded by hills
  • in a valley
  • agriculture and farming
  • fields
  • parks
  • ponds
  • woodland
150
Q

things changing in alton

A
  • housing development
  • transport system
  • more roads and more traffic
  • old bus station turned into aldi/ wickes
  • schools changing location
  • population increasing and houses being built
  • commuter town
151
Q

altons agricultural past

A

first market 1288
hop farming important for beer making
fertile gentle rolling chalk down land for strong arable farming economy
clear chalk steams enable salad crops such as watercress

152
Q

rebranding alton

A

access to countryside
leisure and cultural hub
built in historic landscape
destination for a weekend break
watercress line
jane austen trail
river wey trail

153
Q

manufacturing and brewing decline in alton

A

paper mill
brewing beer since 1763 stopped in 2015 taken down in 2022
connection to Southampton port
historic evidence of weaving industry

154
Q

commuter links to london
alton

A

1971 increase in car ownership led to A31
London waterloo line built 1852

155
Q

coors brewing company
alton

A

had a brewery for 50 years
closed in 2015
lost all its work to Henieken

156
Q

Housing in alton

A

1920s first council houses built
contoversial new planning agreements
more traffic and congestion and pollution
more people needing doctors and schools
people moving from london increasing house prices for locals- counter urbanisation

157
Q

alton history overview

A

archaeological remains dating back to roman times
linear settlement as it is in a valley
1970s extensive expansion of the town
1978 alton college

158
Q

Jane Austen

A

important person to the UK
face on £10 note
wrote all 6 books in her Chawton house
house still exists as a museum
lots of visitors to her house contributes to local economy (multiplier effect)

159
Q
A

geography (3 decks)

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