CHANGING UK ECONOMY - PAPER 2 Flashcards
What are the 4 types of industry?
Primary - agriculture, obtaining raw materials
Secondary - manufacturing products
Tertiary - selling services
Quaternary - research and development
How have thest different industries changed in size over time?
Over time, primary and secondary have been on large declines, while tertiary has been on an upturn
Quaternary is an industry only beginning recently, but has been on an upturn
Why have traditional industries been on a decline in the UK?
There has been increasing demand in tertiary/quaternary based jobs, with office jobs being seen as more desirable.
Labour costs are cheaper abroad, and goods are cheaper
What is globalisation?
Business, ideas and lifestyles spreading around the world
Businesses in the UK are owned by foreign companies and vice versa
What are the impacts of globalisation in the UK?
Economic growth - trading worldwide means economic growth of 1-2%
Foreign investment - bringing in new ideas, technologies and jobs for workers
Cheaper goods/services - production in places where wages are lower
Migration - filling in jobs where there are shrotages, to and fro the UK
Job outsourcing - loss of jobs in the UK as the jobs can be done elsewhere for cheaper
What is de-industrialisation?
The decline of traditional industries, shown in the UK through coal mining
How has de-industrialisation impacted the UK?
In NE England, it was one of the first areas to experience de-industrialisation after the Industrial Revolution
Since 1993, when the Easington Colliery (mine) closed, the area has experienced massive unemployment and low incomes
What were the economic changes in the UK from 1945-79?
The government created many state-run industries, supporting the UKs declining heavy industries
In the 1970s, factories were closing, and this led to unrest and unemployment
British Steel Corporation, British Gas -> some state-run industries
What were the economic changes in the UK from 1979-2010?
The state-run industries were privatised, and many heavy industries were closed down, leading to unemployment
This privatisation resulted in transformation of many industrial areas to financial centres as the service sector grew (London Docklands)
What were the economic changes in the UK from 2010 onwards?
The government has encouraged investment in high-tech manufacturing sectors, also investing in transport infrastructure (HS2 and Crossrail)
Loans are also available, encouraging more business start-ups
What are science parks?
A group of many science/tech-knowledge companies located on a single site
There are over 100 in the UK employing 75k people
What are the features of a science park? (Cambridge)
It is located 3km from the city centre, and nearby Cambridge University - this allows the science park to utilise the uni’s technology and can employ the graduates
Close by the A14 and M11, meaning good transport links
Located on the outskirts of the city - cheaper land with more space and less traffic
Many amenities: leisure centres, restaurants - encouraging positive work environment
What are business parks?
An area of land occupied by many businesses
What are the features of a business park?
Cobalt Business Park, largest in the UK
Hosts Siemens, international energy company since 2015, along with IBM, Santander and Barnados
Close by the main A1, and 20 minutes from international airport - good transport links
Recreational opportunities - green space, cylcle ways - positive work environment
Government assistance - economic decline in the NE England area, allows businesses there to qualify
How does population growth affect social and economic changes (South Cambridgeshire)
Social - modern developments in villages: causes tension with locals
Public transport decline as more commuters use cars
Too many commuters leads to a dead city during the day
Economic - increasing house prices
Closing local shops as commuters don’t use them
Selling farmland leads to reduced farm employment
Economic pressure put on social services
