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English Revolution > chap 1 1625-29 > Flashcards

chap 1 1625-29 Flashcards

emergence of conflict & end of consensus

1
Q

legacy of james I - church of england

A
  • when elizabeth died, puritans drafted lift of reforms for james to consider
  • was thought james would like the request as was used to scottish kirk but wasn’t the case
  • arranged for a conference to meet jan 1604 at hampton court
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2
Q

legacy of james I - gunpowder plot

A
  • initially promised he wouldn’t persecute ant catholics as long as they were outwardly conforming
  • james misjudged english moods as was public hostility toward this policy
  • outmanoeuvred by his first parliament which forced him to reduce his tolerant policies by parliament witholding money
  • this reversal led to gunpowder plot in 1605 which led to removal of catholics removed from gov posts
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3
Q

legacy of james I - defining boundaries of english church

A
  • until outbreak of 30yrs war james relatively successful in managing to keep church of england broad enough to make puritans & protestants happy
  • 1604 appointed bancroft as archbishop of canterbury
  • abbot worked with james on book of sports
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4
Q

legacy of james I - differences in english/scottish parliament

A

SCOTTISH
- unicameral
- king could use appointments & patronage to pack parliament with loyal supporters
- most debate and negotiation took place in committees before coming to parliament
- short sessions
- not only legislative body
ENGLISH
- bicameral
- king limited in his ability to influence local elections & place supporters in commons
- most debate took place in parliament
- only legislative body

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5
Q

legacy of james I - financial problems

A
  • elizabeth died with significant debt which transfered to james
  • his house much bigger than hers as had more to provide for
  • wars expensive and england still at war with spain
  • france & spain had glamorous courts and james wanted to keep up with this so would have to spend much money
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6
Q

legacy of james I - great contract

A
  • created by robert cecil in 1610
  • addressed fact it was english monarch’s responsibility to raise money necessary for safe governance & expansion of kingdom
  • had wide variety of prerogative fiscal measures to gather this money together
  • failed as salisbury in lord and james worried parliament with his long talks on prerogative
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7
Q

legacy of james I - efforts to maintain balanced foreign policy

A
  • named himself rex pacificus
  • 1604 trety of london ended war with spain
  • 1612 alliance with german protestant union
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8
Q

legacy of james I - thirty years war

A
  • james wanted to stay out but was his actions of his son in law
  • frederick accepted throne of bohemia offered by nobles rebelling against catholic king of bohemia
  • spanish troops retaliated by occupying palatinate forcing royal family into exil & war raged for 30 years
  • james against frederick’s actions and dind’t see it as religious issue
  • james recalled parliament in 1621 to request money but would only give it if james visibly supported protestant cause
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9
Q

monarchy & divine right - charles’ character

A
  • very short & had a stutter so disliked long rambling conversations
  • not comfortable in boisterous and argumentative court like his father
  • was a sensitive man
  • showed immense loyalty to his trusted companions like buckingham and laud
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10
Q

monarchy & divine right - charles’ aims

A
  • maintain law and order within his kingdoms
  • defend his kingdom
  • provide effective religious leadership
  • cost of maintaining defence increased and religious differences ongoing issue
  • bond between monarch and country been smooth
  • charles rigidly adhered to his perceived status of divine right as chosen by god
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11
Q

monarchy & divine right - henrietta maria

A
  • french catholic
  • her relationship with charles grew when buckingham died
  • rapidly gathered a pro-french faction around her
  • became increasingly powerful
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12
Q

monarchy & divine right - protection for catholics

A
  • henrietta’s religion was major obstacle to her acceptance by england at large
  • wasn’t allowed to take part in formal coronation
  • discreetly secured the release of a number of arrested catholic priests in early 1630s
  • she increasingly gathered noble catholic women around her
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13
Q

monarchy & divine right - development of court culture

A
  • her ability to create a new unqiue court culture also rose
  • masques been a feature of royal court for many years but queen majorly participated but puritans disagreed with this as felt acting was ungodly
  • her works associated with virgin mary
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14
Q

monarchy & divine right - buckingham & ‘inner sanctum’

A
  • buckingham shows shortcut to power
  • been able to dominate james with his charm without having to climb the ladder
  • buckingham’s influence nearly destroyed inner sanctum as he had effectively replaced king as font of patronage
  • court charles inherited was immoral and corrupted by drunkness and sexual immorality
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15
Q

monarchy & divine right - caroline court

A
  • rapidly reformed under chalres in 1625 where his personality swiftly reflected as court became orderly/moral
  • buckingham continued to dominate patronage and ambitious men were unrelenting in their quest for patronage
  • charles instructed gentry to spend less time in london
  • this strive for order/decency isolated him from those men who expected to be his natural advisors
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16
Q

monarchy & divine right - demonstrations of royal authority

A
  • charles aware that architecture could show his power & authority
  • made special use of inigo jones who remodelled whitehall
  • ceiling was prainted by peter raul as a means to show his divine right
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17
Q

monarchy & divine right - divine right

A
  • idea monarch chosen by god and therefore to challenge authority of king is to challenged god
  • in practise, no one whose authority exceeded that of the king’s
  • some saw this ongoing endorsement of divine right as a sign of wanting to become absolutist
18
Q

challenges to arbitrary gov of charles I - tonnage and poundage 1625

A
  • high on his agenda in 1625 was anti-spanish foreign policy where under financial pressure
  • needed around £1mill so called parliament expecting them to grant subsidies & confirm his right to tonnage and poundage (tax of export/imports)
  • due to dislike of buckingham, commons only granted 140k & right to 1yrs of tonnage and poundage
  • charles ragrded this as direct attack on his own divine right
19
Q

challenges to arbitrary gov of charles I - forced loan 1626

A
  • without funds from parliament charles resorted to asking country for benevolance (voluntary gift of money)
  • in 1626 very few volunteered money
  • decided then on forced loan to help finance war with spain & france
  • all liable summoned to public meetings where pressed to pay
  • ## refusal to pay was act of opposition to king
20
Q

challenges to arbitrary gov of charles I - opposition to forced loan

A
  • collected in face of lots of opposition
  • 1627 - thomas scot (mp) attacked buckingham in print writing that subjects may refuse an unworthy king’s command
  • some judges refused to endorse the forced loan
  • george abbot suspended by charles for refusing to license a sermon which defended the forced loan
21
Q

challenges to arbitrary gov of charles I - five nights case 1627

A
  • king ordered imprisonment of 76 gentry who refused to pay forced load but didn’t charge with a specific offence
  • november 1627 5/76 forced confrontation with king by issuing habeus corpus
  • creating a test case surrounding the controversy of the king & his loan, a judgement upheld that charles’ prerogative was right to imprison those men who refused to pay this loan
22
Q

challenges to arbitrary gov of charles I - arminianism vs calvinism

A
  • in 1620s arminism rising into popularity of those who were influential
  • they were certainly protestant but developed different theory to calvin
  • calvin interpreted bible to say god decided who would believe in him & which reject him (predestination)
  • arminius interpreted bible to say god allowed each person to make their choice freely regardless of belief so all could be saved
  • this theology much closer to catholic one why is why puritans attacked arminians
  • some puritans thought armininianism was a plot to undermine the church of england and return to catholicisim
23
Q

challenges to arbitrary gov of charles I - york house conference 1626

A
  • buckingham chaired this at his york house in london at request of earl of warwick
  • number of prominent puritan nobles attended
  • buckingham not particularly religious & becoming increasingly vulnerable to criticism as his mother was catholic
  • for warwick, meeting was to persuade charles away from arminianism
  • buckingham acted more politically and supported arminianism to reinforce his political relationship with charles
  • conference ended inconclusively
24
Q

challenges to arbitrary gov of charles I - religious divisions in parliament

A
  • tension generated between puritans and arminians erupted in parliamnet
  • parliament tried to bring montagu to trial because of his religious writings in 1625 & renewed attack year later affirming montagu is guilty of documents contrary to articles of religion
  • by persuing montagu parliament was directly challenging a clergyman and doctrine that had support of king
  • key reason why charles dissolved the parliament in the summer
25
Q

challenges to arbitrary gov of charles I - cadiz expedition 1625

A
  • failure of mansfield expedition and concessions to catholic’s granted as part of charles’ marriage treaty concerned parliament of 1625
  • charles continued to support frederick and decided to send invasion fleet to spanish port of cadiz
  • financed by henrietta’s 120k dowry & intended to open war on second front to distract spanish
  • was humiliating as failed to capture the port of any spanish treasure ships but soldiers became useless as got drunk on spanish wine
  • expensive failure blamed on buckingham as lord high admiral
26
Q

challenges to arbitrary gov of charles I - relations with france

A
  • english expected france to co-operate with then in foreign policy to isolate their common enemy (spanish habsburgs) after marriage of charles to henrietta
  • louis xiii influenced by his chief minster who was determined to only act in france’s own interest
  • revealed reluctance to act against spain late 1625 when refused to join alliance agreed between united provinces and england
  • only denmark joined so charles agreed to pay king of denmark 30k to develop danish army
  • marriage between charles and henrietta started badly
27
Q

challenges to arbitrary gov of charles I - la rochelle raids 1627-8

A
  • buckingham had hope of relieving huguenots under attack of richelieu’s forces at la rochelle
  • england and france now at war and international situation complicated further by new alliance between france and spain
  • when french troops withdrew into strongholds of st martin buckingham laid seige
  • after months of deadlock a direct assault failed as english scaling ladders too short
  • only 2989 soldiers returned from la rochelle
28
Q

challenges to arbitrary gov of charles I - attempted impeachment of buckingham 1626

A
  • whole parliament blamed buckingham for failures, charles blamed parliament for not giving enough money to conduct war efficiently
  • 1626 mps kaunched impechment proceedings against him
  • testimony of earl of bristol particularly dangerous as he’d been ambassador for spain when buckingham and charles arrived in 1623 & he therefore knew that in madrid charles bribed spanish courtiers but ppromised to offer concessions to english catholics if spanish match secured
  • charles charged bristol with treason but earl offered evidence in lords persuading them buckingham should be charged with treason instead
  • impeachments heard in may 1626 then eliot & digges imprisoned in tower of london
  • to try to stop this, charles implied a threat to parliaments future existence which sounded like absolutism
  • dissolved parliament in1626 to protect buckingham
29
Q

parliamentary radicalism - sir john pym

A
  • puritan
  • opposed buckingham’s pro-spanish/catholic policies and supported the protestation of 1621
  • arose in prominence by supporting impeachment of buckingham & petition of right in 1628
  • particularly concerned with religious issues
30
Q

parliamentary radicalism - denzil holles

A
    • childhood friend of charles
  • nearly joined charles to spain in 1623 but instead becaem increasingly associated with parliamentary opposition to king especially in regards to finance matters
31
Q

parliamentary radicalism - petition of right : crisis of parliament

A
  • charles recalled parliament in march 1628
  • in desperate need of money to fund his foreign policy
  • sir john coke communicated with mps instead of charles
  • as a goodwill gesture commons offered 5 subsidies & grant of tonnage & poundage in return expected king to hear their grievances
32
Q

parliamentary radicalism - petition of right : redress of financial grievances

A
  • commons hoped concerns the king would respond to their about:
    • extra parliamentary taxation like ship money
    • billeting - troops in local households and householders not being given money
33
Q

parliamentary radicalism - petition of right : redress of legal grievances

A
  • commons concerned by two developments:
    • martial law: used to stop billeted soldiers in south west becoming out of control
    • habeus corpus: using five knights case as example, Heath changed wording of legal record so king had general right to imprison without fair trial
34
Q

parliamentary radicalism - petition of right : a common cause

A
  • mps horrified by heath’s actions
  • some like selden recommended a radical approach such as a bill of rights (rights which king couldn’t overule)
  • parliament settled on less aggressive solution - petition of right
35
Q

parliamentary radicalism - petition of right : petition of right 1628

A
  • asked king to confirm 4 ancient liberties:
    1 - subjects only taxed by parliamentary consent
    2 - subjects could be imprisoned only if just cause demonstrated in court
    3 - imposition of billeting on population was illegal
    4 - imposition of martial law on civilian population illegal
  • both lords & commons agreed
  • charles accepted it on 7 june 1628 as parliament threatened to further proceedings against buckingham
36
Q

parliamentary radicalism - petition of right : consequences

A
  • charles accepted petition without using specific terminology that would have made it legally binding
  • commons insisted on a correct response & used charles’ financial needs to ensure a legal response
  • was meant to solve problems but actually heightened parliament’s fears that charles couldn’t be trusted
37
Q

parliamentary radicalism - buckingham’s assassination

A
  • 23 august 1628 buckingham stabbed in chest & died
  • was john felton who killed him for the reason of not being paid & thus ended up in debt
  • people celebrated this death
  • body buried secretly in case people charged at the funeral procession
38
Q

parliamentary radicalism - consequences of assassination

A
  • chalres held parliament responsible for assassination saying he had been inspired by june’s remonstrance condomning military failures
  • henrietta and charles now feel deeply in love & had 6 kids
  • charles felt personally betrayed by the people as they celebrated buckingham’s death
39
Q

parliamentary radicalism - 1629 parliament

A
  • charles recalled parliament on 20 jan 1629
  • 2 issues that had not been addressed in petition of right dominated;
    • tonnage and poundage: charles claimed he hadn’t surrendered his rights to collect this money & opened himself up to direct disapproval from parliament
      - religion: laud & montagu promoted to ranks of bishops & both were arminian and caatholic sympathisers, parliamentarians worried that king becoming attracted to this
  • trust completely went when king instructed the printer to include the non-constitutional & constitutional agreements discussed to petition of right
  • mps start to discuss permanent means to limit his powers
40
Q

parliamentary radicalism - dissolution

A
  • charles sent black rod to suspend parliament
  • he recognised he wasn’t going to be awarded tonage and pounage and he wanted to shut proceedings down
  • sir john eliot called out 3 resoluutions that became known as protestation of 1629 which included: anyone who takes subsidies/tonnage & poundage without parliament’s permission is traitor to kingdom
41
Q

parliamentary radicalism - beginning of personal rule

A
  • chalres dissolved parliament & wouldn’t recall till 1640
  • had 8 leading opponents arrested for treason
  • 5 of the mps pleaded guilty and were freed, holles paid a pine and went into exile and eliot sent to tower of london where died in 1632
  • charles issued a declaration explaining how he felt unfair things had been said about him and that petition shouldn’t be used as an excuse for rebllion

English Revolution (6 decks)

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