Chap 12 & 13 Flashcards by Laneta Jones

Found in synaptic end bulbs of axon terminal; contains neurotransmitter molecules

synaptic vesicles

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a specialized area of sarcolemma that contains neurotransmitter receptors.

motor end plate

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space between synaptic end bulbs of axon terminal and muscle fiber.

synaptic cleft

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branches into synaptic end bulbs at neurotransmitter junction.

axon terminals

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Part of the axon terminal that forms a neuromuscular junction.

synaptic end bulbs

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Inability of muscle fibers to contract after a long period of contraction.

muscle fatigue

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phase of contraction: time between muscle fiber stimulation and measurement of force generation.

latent period

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motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.

motor unit

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Phase on contraction: period of force generation.

contraction period

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Type of wave summation with partial relaxation observed between twitches

unfused tetanus

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Increasing the number of motor units that are stimulated to contract.

motor unit recruitment

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Single contractile event in response to single action potential.

twitch

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Phase of contraction; period during which more crossbridges detach then reattach to thin filaments

relaxation period

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Type of wave summation with no observable relaxation between twitches.

fused tetanus

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study of muscle tissue

myology

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the inner connective tissue that covers each individual skeletal muscle fiber.

endomysium

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Skeletal muscle fibers are grouped into bundles called

fascicles

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each fascicle is surrounded by a layer of connective tissue called

perimysium

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a number of fascicles grouped together make up a

whole fiber

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a whole muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue layer called

epimysium

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each skeletal muscle fiber is stimulated to contract by a

somatic motor neuron

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a motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates are a

motor unit

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within the muscle, the _(a)____ of a motor neuron divides into many branches called ___(a)____ __(t)______.

axon

axon terminals

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each axon terminal forms a ___(n)____ ___(j)______ with a skeletal muscle fiber

neuromuscular junction

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at the neuromuscular junction, each axon terminal divides into ___(s)___ __(e)__ __(b)__.

synaptic end bulbs

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within the synaptic end bubs are ___(s)___ ___(v)___.

synaptic vesicles

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synaptic vesicles are filled with ___(n)___ ___(m)___>

neurotransmitter molecules

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when a nerve impulse reaches the synaptic end bulb, neurotransmitters are releases and diffuse across the ___(s)___ __(c)__, space between the synaptic end bulb and the muscle fiber

synaptic cleft

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Neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in the __(m)__ (e) __(p)__, the region of the sarcolemma (plasma membrane) directly across from the synaptic end bulb.

motor end plate

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If enough neurotransmitter binds, an __(A)__ __(P)__ is generated that stimulates the skeletal muscle fiber to contract.

action potential

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how many skeletal muscle fibers are stimulated by a motor neuron simultaneously?

all the muscle fibers in a motor unit

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what is the amount of force generated determined by (3 things)?

the number of muscle fibers within the motor unit
the size of the individual muscle cells
the number of crossbridges attached in the muscle fibers

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the quick shortening nd relaxation observed in a skeletal muscle with a single action potential

twitch contraction

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what are the three phases of a twitch contraction?

latent period
contraction period
relaxation period

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this period lasts about 2 milliseconds and is the time between stimulation of muscle cells and force generation.

latent period

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this period lasts about 10 to 100 milliseconds and is the period during which force is increasing.

contraction period

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this period lasts 10 to 100 milliseconds and is the period when force is decreasing.

relaxation period

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if the muscle fibers of a motor unit are stimulated for the relaxation phase of a muscle twitch is completed then the et contraction will produce a greater force this is called

wave summation

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Increasing the frequency of muscle stimulation produces what?

sustained force generation

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____ occurs when there is a partial relaxation between repeated muscle twitches.

unfused tetanus

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____ is a sustained contraction with no relaxation observed between twitches.

fused tetanus

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Increasing the number of motor units contracting at the same time, __(M)__ __(U)__ __(R)__, also increases what?

motor unit recruitment

amount of fore generated.

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___(M)___ __(F)__ development occurs when all motor units of a muscle are stimulated and all muscle fibers are contracting.

maximal force

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most sustained voluntary skeletal muscle contractions are unfused tetanic contractions with different motor units stimulated at different times called?

asynchronous contraction

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the asynchronous contraction delay __(M)__ __(F)__, which is an inability to contract caused by long periods of muscle contraction.

muscle fatigue

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The nonmoving point of attachment when a muscle contracts

origin

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when a muscle contracts this point moves toward the origin

insertion

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orbicularis oculi means what

orbicularis - direction of fibers is circular

oculi - eye

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biceps brachii

biceps - number of origins - two

brachii - location - arm (brachial)

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rectus femoris

rectus - orientation - parallel to midline

femoris - location - femur

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gluteus maximus

gluteus - location - buttocks

maximus - size - largest

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deltoid

shape - triangular

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sternocleidomastoid

sterno & cleido - origins of muscle, mastoid - indicates insertion point on mastoid process

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muscle parallel to body midline

rectus

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muscle diagonal to body midline

oblique

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largest, supinator, turns palm superiorly or anteriorly

maximus

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elevates

levator

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depresses

depressor

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middle

medius

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smallest

minimus

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wide

latissimus

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larger

major

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smaller

minor

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two origins

biceps

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three origins

triceps

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four origins

quadriceps

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trapezoid

trapezius

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decreases joint angle

flexor

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moves bone close to midline

adductor

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,decreases size of opening

sphincter

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turns palm inferiorly or posteriorly

pronator

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circular

orbicularis

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located on the frontal bone

frontalis

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originates on the sternum; inserts on the hyoid bone

sternohyoid

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flat

platysma

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slender

gracilis

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makes a body part rigid

tensor

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some muscles are grouped according to whether they are ___(S)___ or __(D)__.

superficial or deep

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when skeletal muscles contract they pull their point of ______ toward their point of _____.

insertion

origin

in the appendages, muscles that perform similar movements are surrounded by ___(F)___, forming ___(C)___ that are served by the same major blood vessels and nerves.

fascia

compartments

The muscles of facial expressions move what, to convey emotions?

the skin of the face

Muscles of ___(M)___ move the mandible and help hold food between the teeth while chewing.

mastication

muscles that move the head and neck are found on the __(A)__ __(S)__ of the neck.

anterior surface

The muscles that move the head and neck come in what?

pairs, one on each side of the next

contraction of both muscles on each side of the neck causes what?

flexion

contraction of one or the other or the muscles of the neck causes what?

turning of the head side to side

muscles that extend the head and neck are found on the __(P)__ __(S)__ of the neck.

posterior surface

lies over frontal bone and raises eyebrow and wrinkles forehead.

frontalis

lies over occipital bone and pulls scalp posteriorly.

occipitalis

encircles the eye; circular muscle that closes the eye

orbicularis oculi

between zygomatic bone and corner of mouth, raises corners of mouth for smiling.

zygomaticus major

encircles the mouth, circular muscle closes and purses lips used for kissing

orbicularis oris

lies over temporal bone, elevates and retracts mandible.

temporalis

between zygomatic arch and posterior portion of mandible, elevates and retracts mandible

masseter

on anterior and lateral neck; fibers run diagonally across the neck between sternum, clavicle, and mastoid process; strap-like muscle. Both muscles contracting flex head (prayer). One muscle contracting rotates head side to side (no).

sternocleidomastoid or SCM

diamond-shaped superficial muscle; upper back and posterior neck, that extends from the skull to spine of scapula to vertebral column, extends the head (look at stars)

trapezius

____ of the scapula occurs when doing a pull-up

depression

doing a push-up _______ the scapula

abducts

standing at attention _______ the scapula

adducts

muscles that insert on the anterior surface of the arm _____ the arm.

flex

muscles that insert on the posterior surface of the arm _______ the arm

extend

muscles that insert on the lateral surface of the humerus ______ the arm.

abduct

muscles that insert on the medial surface of the humerus _____ the arm.

adduct

most abdominal muscles ____ the vertebra column.

flex

the muscles of the back _____ the vertebral column

extend

The ___(T)___ ___(A)___ ___(M)___ cannot flex the vertebral column because it runs ________?

transverse abdominis muscle runs horizontally

large rounded triangular shoulder muscle, anterior flexes arm; lateral portion abducts arm; posterior portion extends arm

deltoid

large muscles on superior, anterior chest between sternum and arm. adducts and flexes arm at shoulder joint

pectoralis major

serrated-looking muscles on the lateral trunk inferior to arms and ribs. abducts scapula and rotates it upward. This occurs when throwing a punch and is often called the boxer’s muscle.

serratus (saw-tooth) anterior

lateral and anterior sheet-like abdominal muscles whose fibers rub obliquely toward the midline. Both muscles contracting flex vertebral column and compress abdomen. One muscle contracting laterally flexes vertebral column.

external oblique

midline abdominal muscles located between sternum and the groin. Flexes vertebral column and compresses abdomen. Does not laterally flex vertebral column.

rectus abdominis

widest

latissimus

back

dorsi

main large, flat muscle of middle and lower back that runs laterally and attaches to superior portion of humerus. Extends and adducts arm at shoulder joint (if arm is elevated over head, it brings it down).

latissimus dorsi

muscles located in the arm move the forearm at which two joints?

the elbow joint and the radioulnar joints

muscles of the arm and forearm have their origin on the ______ or ______, cross the elbow joint, and insert on the bones of the _______?

humerus or scapula

forearm

When the muscles of the arm contract, they ___ or _____ the forearm, or cause movement at the ________ ________.

flex or extend

radioulnar joints

muscles that have origins on the scapula can also move the arm at the _____ _____.

shoulder joint

muscle of the appendages that perform similar functions are surrounded by fascia, which forms compartments. Muscles in the ___(A)___ ___(C)___ of the arm, such as the biceps brachii and brachialis muscles, flex the forearm whereas those in the ___(P)___ ___(C)___, the triceps brachii, extend the forearm.

anterior compartment

posterior compartment

most muscles of the forearm originate on the humerus, ulna, or radius, and cross the _____ to insert on the ____ or _______, these muscles flex and extend.

wrist

hand or digits

The ____ are found on the anterior surface of the forearm.

flexors

The ______ are found on the posterior surface of the forearm.

extensors

The ___(B)___, a large muscle found in the forearm, originates on the humerus and crosses the elbow joint to insert on the radius to flex the forearm.

brachioradialis

two heads; arm; Largest muscle in anterior compartment of arm; flexes forearm at elbow and flexes arm at shoulder joint.

biceps brachii

Large muscle with three heads; extends forearm at elbow and extends arm at shoulder joint

triceps brachii

arm, radius; anterior forearm; large superficial lateral muscle; flexes forearm

brachioradialis

muscles that move the thigh have _____ on the pelvis or vertebrae and _____ on femur or tibia.

origins

insertions

muscles of the ___(A)___ ___(C)___ of the thigh, the ___(Q)___ ___(F)___ group, extend the leg.

anterior compartment

quadriceps femoris

the ___(R)___ ___(F)___ of the quadriceps femors group flexes the thigh.

rectus femoris

muscles of the ___(P)___ ___(C)___ are the ___(H)___ ___(M)___ group; these muscles flex the leg and extend the thigh.

posterior compartment

hamstring muscle group

muscles of the ___(M)____ ___(C)___ include the ___(G)___. These muscles adduct and flex the thigh.

medial compartment

gracilis

to stretch;band;wide; small lateral hip muscle; flexes and abducts thigh at hip joint

tensor fascia latae

four muscles of anterior thigh

quadriceps femoris

located along midline of thigh; extends leg at nee and flexes thigh at hip

rectus femoris

lateral to rectus femoris extend leg at knee only

vastus lateralis

medial to rectus femoris extends leg at knee only

vastus medialis

diagonal muscle running from tensor fascia latae to beyond medial knee; flexes leg at knee and flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh at hip (allows us to flex and cross our legs)

sartorius

largest buttocks muscle extends thigh at hip joint

gluteus maximus

most lateral hamstring flexes leg at knee and extends thigh at hip

biceps femoris

medial to biceps femoris and superficial to semimembranosus flexes leg at knee and extends thigh at hip.

semitendinosus

medial to biceps femoris and deep to semitendinosus, flexes leg at knee and extends thigh at hip

semimembranosus

The ___(T)___ ___(A)___ and the extensor digitorum are muscles of the ___(A)___ ___(C)___ of the leg. These muscles dorsiflex the foot and also extend the toes if they insert on the phalanges.

tibialis anterior

anterior compartment

muscles of the ___(P)___ ___(C)___ of the leg include the ___(G)___ and __(S)__. These muscles plantar flex the foot and also flex the toes if they insert on the phalanges.

posterior compartment

gastrocnemius and soleus

tendons of the gastrocnemius and soleus form the ___(C)___ (___(A)___) ___(T)___.

calcaneal (achilles) tendon

____ of the foot is due to contraction of muscles near the lateral surface of the leg, whereas ______ is due to contraction of muscles near the medial surface of the leg.

eversion

inversion

lateral to the anterior crest of the tibia, dorsiflexes and inverts the foot

tiialis anterior

large superficial muscle on posterior leg, plantar flexes foot and flexes leg at knee

gastrocnemius

deep to gastrocnemius (appears lateral on each side) and posterior to fibularis (peroneus) longus, plantar flexes foot only.

soleus

vastus lateralis tells us what

muscle size and location

trapezius tells us what

shape

adductors tells us what

muscle action

sternocleidomastoid tells us what

origin and insertion points

biceps brachii tells us what

number of origins and location

gluteus maximus tells us what

location and size

rectus abdominis tells us what

location and orientation of muscle relative to body midline

smiling muscle

zygomaticus major

kissing muscle

orbicularis oris

closes eyelid

orbicularis oculi

closes mouth (elevates mandible) (2)

temporals and masseter

both muscles contracting flex head, one muscle contracting rotates head side to side

sternocleidomastoid

extends the head

trapezius

abducts and flexes arm at shoulder joint

pectoralis major

anterior portion flexes arm, lateral portion abducts arm

deltoid

abducts scapular and rotates it upward 9boxer;s muscle)

serratus anterior

flexes vertebral column and compresses abdomen

rectus abdominis

both muscles contracting flex vertebral column and compress abdomen; one muscle contracting laterally flexes vertebral column (2)

external oblique and internal oblique

compresses abdomen only1

transversis abdominus

extends and adducts arm at shoulder join

latissimus dorsi

posterior portion extends arm and lateral portion abducts arm

deltoid

superior portion extends head and elevates scapula, middle portion adducts scapula, inferior portion depresses scapula

trapezius

extends vertebral column and maintains erect posture when both muscles contract; on muscle contracting laterally flexes vertebral column.

erector spinae

extends forearm at elbow and extends arm at shoulder.

triceps brachii

flexes forearm at elbow and flexes arm at shoulder

biceps brachii

flexes forearm at elbow (2)

brachialis and brachioradialis

flexes hand at wrist

flexors

extends hand at wrist

extensors

extends leg at knee and flexes thigh at hip

rectus femoris

extends leg at knee only (3)

vastus lateralis
vastus medialis
vastus intermedius

flexes leg at knee and flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh at hip (allows us to flex and cross our legs).

sartorius

group of muscles that adduct and flex thigh at hip

adductors

abduct thigh at hip

tensor fasciae latae

extends thigh at hip

gluteus maximus

flexes leg at knee and extends thigh at hip (3)

biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus

plantar flexes and everts foot

fibularis longus

plantar flexes foot only!

soleus

plantar flexes foot and flexes leg at knee

gastrocnemius

dorsiflexes foot and extends toes.

extensor digitorum longus

dorsiflexes and inverts foot

tibialis anterior

Muscle fatigue occurs when
A - muscles run out of mitochondria due to a lack of ATP.
B - the neuromuscular junction stops releasing neurotransmitter.
C - muscles run out of ATP due to a lack of oxygen.
D - the motor unit becomes disconnected from the nerve.

C - muscles run out of ATP due to a lack of oxygen.

A somatic motor neuron connects to multiple muscle fibers.  The neuron and it's muscle fibers are considered a 
A - muscle.
B - muscle fascicle.
C - neuromuscular junction.
D - motor unit.

D - motor unit.

When a state of partial relaxation is seem between twitches

UNFUSED

A sustained contraction

FUSED

Also known as temporal summation

WAVE SUMMATION

Also known as spatial summation

MOTOR UNIT SUMMATION

When the force of contraction is increased due to an increase in voltage

MOTOR UNIT SUMMATION

When the force of contraction is increased due to an increase in frequency of stimulation

WAVE SUMMATION

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Chap 12 & 13 Flashcards

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