Chap 14-15

Question 0

BTU (British Thermal Unit)

Answer 0

is the amount of heat required to raise one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit

Question 1

Natural gas

Answer 1

found in association with oil or during the search for oil.

Question 2

Electrical power

Answer 2

is defined as the amount of work done by an electric current over a given time.

Question 3

electric generator

Answer 3

is basically a coil of wire that rotates in a magnetic field or that remains stationary while a magnetic field is rotated around it.

Question 4

turbogenerator.

Answer 4

Is The most common way to generate electrical power

Question 5

A turbogenerator

Answer 5

is the combination of a turbine, a sophisticated paddle wheel, coupled to the generator.

Question 6

Baseload:

Answer 6

the constant supply of power provided by large coal-burning and nuclear power plants

Question 7

Brownouts:

Answer 7

result from a deficiency in available power and cause a reduction in voltage

Question 8

Blackout:

Answer 8

a total loss of power

Question 9

A self healing smart grid

Answer 9

can prevent major blackouts and brownouts.

Question 10

conversion losses.

Answer 10

65%-70% of the energy is lost to heat, these
unavoidable energy losses are called

Question 11

Second Law of Thermodynamics)

Answer 11

The heat generated is usually put into the environment through the air (cooling towers) or water.

Question 12

thermal pollution

Answer 12

Waste heat energy discharged into natural waterways is referred to as

Question 13

undiscovered resources

Answer 13

Estimated reserves, which are educated guesses as to where oil or natural gas may be located and how much may be found.

Question 14

Proven reserves

Answer 14

a fairly accurate estimate can be made of how much oil can be economically obtained from the field

Question 15

production

Answer 15

The withdrawal of oil or gas from the field is called

Question 16

Primary recovery

Answer 16

is conventional pumping which can remove only 25% of the oil in an oil field.

Question 17

Secondary recovery

Answer 17

is more costly because it involves manipulating pressure in the oil reservoir by injecting brine or steam that forces the oil into the wells. (can remove up to 50% of oil)

Question 18

Enhanced recovery

Answer 18

is obtained by injecting carbon dioxide which breaks up oil droplets and enables them to flow again.

Question 19

Hubbert’s peak

Answer 19

he predicted that U.S. production would peak between 1965 and 1970.

Question 20

OPEC

Answer 20

the Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries

Question 21

Oil sands (or tar sands)

Answer 21

are a sedimentary material containing bitumen, an extremely viscous, tar-like hydrocarbon.

Question 22

Oil shale

Answer 22

is a fine sedimentary rock containing a mixture of solid, wax-like hydrocarbons called kerogen

Question 23

Fracking (or hydraulic fracking)

Answer 23

is a technique used to drill for natural gas.

Question 24

CWP

Answer 24

coal workers’ pneumoconiosis

Question 25

Energy Independence and Security Act (EI)

Answer 25

raises the CAFE standards to meet a target of 35 mpg by 2020.

Question 26

CAFE

Answer 26

Corporate Average Fuel Economy

Question 27

Cogeneration (CHP): Combined heat and Power

Answer 27

refers to using a single energy source to produce both electrical and heat energy. (80% efficiency)

Question 28

combined-cycle natural-gas unit

Answer 28

is a new technology used to generate electricity

Question 29

Fission

Answer 29

a large atom of one element is split to produce two different smaller elements.

Question 30

Fusion

Answer 30

two small atoms combine to form a larger atom of a different element

Question 31

Isotopes

Answer 31

of a given element contain different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons and electrons.

Question 32

Mass number

Answer 32

is the sum of the number of neutrons and the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom.

Question 33

Enrichment

Answer 33

is the process of separating 235U from 238U to produce a material containing a higher concentration of 235U.

Question 34

Moderator

Answer 34

slows down the neutrons that produce fission so that they are traveling at the right speed to trigger another fission

Question 35

Fuel rods or fuel elements

Answer 35

are long metal tubes that are loaded with pellets containing the enriched uranium dioxide.

Question 36

Control rods

Answer 36

are rods of neutron-absorbing material inserted between the fuel elements.

Question 37

Radioisotopes

Answer 37

become stable by spontaneously ejecting subatomic particles (alpha particles, beta particles, and neutrons), high-energy radiation (gamma rays and X-rays), or both.

Question 38

The particles and radiation are collectively referred to as

Answer 38

radioactive emissions.

Question 39

Radioactivity is measured in

Answer 39

Curies

Question 40

Radioactive waste

Answer 40

are materials that become radioactive by absorbing neutrons from the fission process.

Question 41

Radiation exposure is measured as

Answer 41

absorbed dose