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Bio 6 > Chap 19 > Flashcards

Chap 19 Flashcards

1
Q

this system has many glands that secrete chemicals called hormones into the blood stream

A

endocrine systedm

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2
Q

hormones are transported throughout te body in the blood and bind to ____ ____.

A

target cells

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3
Q

target cells for a hormone have specific ______ to which the hormone binds.

A

receptors

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4
Q

_______ cause changes in activity in these target cells to assist in maintaining _____.

A

hormones

homeostasiis

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5
Q

the major endocrine glands from the head moving down inferiorily are: (phptptapot) party hats pretty tables photos taken and plenty of tequila.

A 
pineal gland
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
parathyroid glands
thymus
adrenal glands
pancreas
ovaries
testes
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6
Q

located inferior to the thalamus in the brain; an important component of both the nervous and endocrine system and couples these two regulatory systems together.

A

hypothalamus

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7
Q

in the past called the master gland but is actually controlled by the hypothalamus by hormone secretions that either stipulate or inhibit secretions by part of it; attached to the inferior surface of the brain and is protected by the sella turcica of the skull; it has two lobes.

A

pituitary gland

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8
Q

This is the stalk that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

A

infundibulum

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9
Q

what are the names of the two lobes of the pituitary gland how can you distinguish them

A

anterior pituitary is always darker in color

posterior pituitary

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10
Q

is composed of glandular tissue and secretes seven hormones (htflpam) hit the floor laugh party and music

A 
anterior pituitary
human growth hormone (hGH)
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
luteinizing hormone (LH)
prolactin (PRL)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
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11
Q

is smaller than the anterior pituitary and is composed of neural tissue that stores and release two hormones into the blood stream (ao - anti onions)

A

posterior pituitary
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
oxytocin (OT)

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12
Q

these two hormones are synthesized by the hypothalamus, are packaged into vesicles, and travel down axons and pass through the infundibulum to the posterior pituitary gland where they are stored and then released. (ao - anti onions)

A 
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
oxytocin (OT)
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13
Q

The _____ ____ lies on both sides of the trachea near the larynx and had two lobes with a connecting _____.

A

thyroid gland

isthmus

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14
Q

The thyroid gland synthesizes and secretes two ______ _______ and ________. (thc - turn hot cold)

A

thyroid hormones (TH)
T3 and T4
calcitonin

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15
Q

embedded in the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are typically four small, round ______ ______ that secrete ________ _______ known as PTH. (pg & PTH)

A 
parathyroid glands
parathyroid hormones (PTH)
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16
Q

also known as the suprarenal glands because of their location on the superior part of the kidneys; each is surrounded by a _______ and is composed of an outer ______ ______ and inner _______ _______, which each are comprised of different tissue types and produce and secrete distinct types of hormones.

A

adrenal
encapsulated with a capsule
adrenal cortex
adrenal medulla

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17
Q

the ____ ______ has three distinct zones with each secreting different types of hormones mineralcorticoids aka __(A)_____, glucocorticoids aka __(C)____ and ____(A)_____.

A

adrenal cortex secretes
aldosterone
cortisol
androgens

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18
Q

the _____ ______ contains nervous tissue that is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system to secrete two hormones: _____(E)_____, and _____(NE)______ part of the fight or flight response; the chemicals secreted by this nervous tissue are called hormones because they are secreted into the bloodstream and travel to another part of the body to target cells.

A

adrenal medulla
epinephrine
norepinephrine

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19
Q

The ________ is composed of a head, body, and tail, the head is cradled in the curvature of the duodenum (area of small intestine distal to the stomach) and the body and tail are inferior and posterior to the stomach near the spleen; it has both _______ and _______ functions

A

pancreas
endocrine
exocrine

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20
Q

______ cells, whose function literally means “to secrete outside” vastly outnumber the other type of cells in the pancreas and the enzymes produced are secreted into the duodenum of the small intestine through a duct called the _____ ______ and function in digestion.

A

exocrine

pancreatic duct

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21
Q

_____ cells aka pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans), are situated as little islands among the exocrine cells; alpha cells in the pancreatic islets secrete _______ and beta cells secrete ______.

A

endocrine
alpha cells secrete glucagon
beta cells secrete insulin

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22
Q

the ____ or female gonads are located in the female pelvic cavity; they form ova and produce and secrete two major female steroid hormones _______ and _______.

A

ovaries
estrogen
progesterone

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23
Q

the ______ located within the scrotum form sperm and produce and secrete ______, primarily ________.

A

testes
androgens
primarily testosterone

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24
Q

the ____ _____ or _____ _______ secretes the hormone ________ (regulates sleep/wake cycles) and is a small, cone-shaped gland located in the brain posterior to the thalamus and superior to the cerebellum.

A

pineal gland or pineal body

melatonin (regulates sleep/wake cycles)

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25
Q

The ____ secretes the hormone _____ and is located anterior and superior to the heart; this gland is much larger in infants and children and regresses in size or atrophies as a person ages.

A

thymus

thymosin

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26
Q

secreted by the anterior pituitary this hormone stimulates secretion of hormones that stimulate body growth and metabolism.

A

human growth hormone (hGH)

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27
Q

secreted by the anterior pituitary this hormone stimulates growth of thyroid gland and secretion of its hormones

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

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28
Q

secreted by the anterior pituitary this hormone stimulates sperm production in the testes and oocyte production and estrogen secretion in the ovaries

A

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

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29
Q

secreted by the anterior pituitary this hormone stimulates secretion of testosterone by the testes and triggers ovulation and stimulates secretion of estrogen and progesterone by the ovaries.

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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30
Q

secreted by the anterior pituitary this hormone stimulates production and secretion of milk

A

Prolactin (PRL)

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31
Q

secreted by the anterior pituitary this hormone stimulates secretion of hormones by adrenal cortex

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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32
Q

secreted by the anterior pituitary this hormone darkens skin pigmentation.

A

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

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33
Q

secreted by the posterior pituitary this hormone decreases water lost in urine by returning water to the blood.

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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34
Q

secreted by the posterior pituitary this hormone stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection during suckling.

A

Oxytocin (OT)

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35
Q

secreted by the thyroid gland these two hormones increase metabolism and basal metabolic rate

A

(T3) Triiodothyronine

(T4) Thyroxine

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36
Q

secreted by the thyroid gland this hormone decreases blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclasts.

A

Calcitonin

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37
Q

Secreted by the parathyroid glands this hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts to break down bone matrix.

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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38
Q

secreted by the adrenal cortex this hormone decreases sodium and water loss in urine by returning sodium and water to the blood.

A

Aldosterone

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39
Q

secreted by the adrenal cortex this hormone increases resistance to stress, increases blood glucose levels, and decreases inflammation.

A

Cortisol

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40
Q

secreted by the adrenal cortex this hormone is insignificant in males but increases the female sex drive.

A

Androgens

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41
Q

secreted by the adrenal medulla these two hormones promote the fight or flight response.

A

epinephrine

NE - norepinephrine

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42
Q

Secreted by the pancreas this hormone decreases blood glucose levels by transporting glucose into body cells

A

insulin

43
Q

secreted by the pancreas this hormone increases blood glucose levels by stimulating the liver to break down glycogen into glucose.

A

Glucagon

44
Q

secreted by the ovaries these two hormones stimulate development of female sex characteristics and helps regulate the menstrual cycle

A

estrogen

progesterone

45
Q

secreted by the testes this hormone stimulates development of male sex characteristics and stimulates male sex drive and regulates sperm production

A

testosterone

46
Q

Secreted by the pineal gland this hormone helps to set the biological clock.

A

melatonin

47
Q

Secreted by the thymus this hormone promotes the maturation of T cells for the immune response.

A

Thymosin

48
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

49
Q

ADH

A

Antidiuretic hormone

50
Q

FSH

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone

51
Q

hGH

A

human Growth Hormone

52
Q

LH

A

Luteinizing hormone

53
Q

OT

A

Oxytocin

54
Q

PRL

A

Prolactin

55
Q

PTH

A

Parathyroid hormone

56
Q

T3

A

Triiodothyronine

57
Q

T4

A

Thyroxine

58
Q

TSH

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

59
Q

TH

A

Thyroid hormone includes T3, T4, and calcitonin

60
Q

Which endocrine gland secretes ACTH?

A

Anterior Pituitary gland

61
Q

Which endocrine gland secretes ADH?

A

Posterior pituitary gland

62
Q

Which endocrine gland secretes aldosterone?

A

adrenal cortex

63
Q

Which endocrine gland secretes androgens?

A

adrenal cortex

64
Q

Which endocrine gland secretes calcitonin?

A

Thyroid gland

65
Q

Which endocrine gland secretes cortisol?

A

Adrenal cortex

66
Q

Which endocrine gland secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A

Adrenal medulla

67
Q

Which endocrine gland secretes estrogen; progesterone?

A

ovaries

68
Q

Which endocrine gland secretes FSH?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

69
Q

Which endocrine gland secretes glucagon?

A

Pancreas

70
Q

Which endocrine gland secretes hGH?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

71
Q

Which endocrine gland secretes insulin?

A

Pancreas

72
Q

Which endocrine gland secretes LH?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

73
Q

Which endocrine gland secretes melatonin?

A

Pineal gland

74
Q

Which endocrine gland secretes OT?

A

Posterior pituitary gland

75
Q

Which endocrine gland secretes PRL?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

76
Q

Which endocrine gland secretes PTH?

A

Parathyroid glands

77
Q

Which endocrine gland secretes T3 and T4?

A

Thyroid gland

78
Q

Which endocrine gland secretes testosterone?

A

Testes

79
Q

Which endocrine gland secretes TSH?

A

Anterior pituitary gland

80
Q

Which endocrine gland secretes thymosin?

A

Thymus gland

81
Q

Which endocrine gland secretes MSH?

A

Anterior Pituitary gland

82
Q

The endocrine system has three main functions, which of the following is NOT one of them?
a -Regulate hematopoesis (blood production)
b -Regulate maturation
c -Regulate development
d -Regulate growth

A

a -Regulate hematopoesis (blood production)

83
Q 
Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
a -Lungs
b -Blood
c -Muscles
d -Heart
A

b -Blood

84
Q 
What is the "Master Gland" of the Endocrine system because it secretes so many tropic hormones? 
a -Pineal
b -Pituitary
c -Thyroid
d -Gonads
A

b -Pituitary

85
Q 
Which triangular shaped gland is located superior to each kidney?
a -Thymus
b -Adrenal
c -Parathyroid
d -Gonads
A

b -Adrenal

86
Q 
Why does the body need insulin? 
a -Act on fats
b -Increase blood sugar
c -Lower blood sugar
d -Increase metabolism of protein
A

c -Lower blood sugar

87
Q 
Which hormone is associated with the fight or flight response? 
a -Testosterone
b -Glucose
c -Insulin
d -Epinephrine
A

d -Epinephrine

88
Q 
Which hormone stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and is released from the pituitary gland? 
a -Estrogen
b -Cortisol
c -Oxytocin
d -T cells
A

c -Oxytocin

89
Q 
What hormone will raise your blood glucose when it is low? (Blood sugar)
a -Insulin
b -Glucagon
c -Thyroxine
d -Cortisol
A

b -Glucagon

90
Q 
What is the bow-tie shaped gland below the neck that releases T3 and T4?
a -Thyroid
b -Adrenal glands
c -Pancreas
d -Pineal gland
A

a -Thyroid

91
Q 
What hormone is known as the "Stress hormone" and is secreted by the adrenal cortex? (Hint: NOT the fight or flight hormone)
a -Cortisol
b -Adrenaline
c -Oxytocin
d -Noradrenalin
A

a -Cortisol

92
Q 
During the sympathetic "Fight or Flight" response, what happens inside the body? 
a -Increased blood flow to muscles
b -Sweaty hands and palms
c -All of the above
d -Increased heart rate
A

a -Increased blood flow to muscles
b -Sweaty hands and palms
***c -All of the above
d -Increased heart rate

93
Q 
What are the signs of diabetes mellitus? 
a -Excessive urination
b -Excessive hunger
c -All of the above
d -Excessive thirst
A

a -Excessive urination
b -Excessive hunger
***c -All of the above
d -Excessive thirst

94
Q 
What is a treatment of type 2 diabetes? 
a -Radiation
b -Exercise
c -Replacement of deficient thyroid hormone
d -Injection of insulin
A

b -Exercise

95
Q

the endocrine system consists of what two things

A

endocrine glands

hormone secreting cells in organs

96
Q

what system controls body activities through nerve impulses and the release of neurotransmitters at synapses

A

nervous system

97
Q

this system releases hormones into the blood stream

A

endocrine (within)

98
Q

this system secretes their products into ducts that carry the secretions into a body cavity, into the lumen of an organ, or onto the outer surface of the body.

A

exocrine glands (outside)

99
Q

what are the four functions of hormones?

A
  1. help regulate - chemical composition and volume, metabolism, and energy balance, contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle fibers, glandular secretions, immune activities.
  2. control growth and development
  3. regulate operation of reproductive systems
  4. help establish circadian rhythms
100
Q

this hormone increases cellular uptake of glucose, allowing it to be used for energy or for it to be converted to storage products such as glycogen; levels increase when glucose levels are high, such as occurs after eating. Adipose, liver, and muscle cells then take up glucose and the blood glucose levels fall, resulting in a negative feedback mechanism; secretion is also stimulated by increased blood amino acids; This hormone also promotes cellular uptake of amino acids, again result in negative feedback.

A

insulin

101
Q

this hormone secretion is stimulated by low glucose levels, such as occurs during fasting; this hormone promotes the cellular breakdown of fat and glycogen stores, releasing fatty acids and glucose respectively into the blood; fatty acids can be used as is or can be converted by the liver to ketones, another usable source of energy; synthesis of glucose from amino acids by the liver is also promoted by this hormone.

A

glucagon

102
Q

this is a disease characterized by high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia), but can be caused by several different dysfunctions of the pancreas. In _____ _____ ______ ______, the pancreas quits making insulin and the ells are unable to take up blood glucose for energy use or storage. Therefore, the cells sense “starvation” and the pancreas is stimulated to release high levels of glucagon to breakdown body fat for fatty acids, muscle for amino acids, and glycogen for glucose, releasing energy substrates into the blood for cellular metabolism patients often have high glucagon levels, lipolysis, ketogenesis, low or zero insulin, and require insulin injections.

A

Diabetes mellitus

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

103
Q

This disease occurs in more sedentary, obese individuals, whose target cells (overstuffed adipocytes) have become resistant to the effects of chronically elevated insulin (remember down regulation can occur). So, even though a patient with this disease may make more insulin than normal, it is still insufficient to stimulate the cellular uptake of ingested glucose, and glucose levels rise. However, glucagon levels are not usually high, and lipolysis, ketogenesis, and ketoacidosis are not commonly seen.

A

noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

104
Q

this disease can be seen in a variety of situations, such as treatment of diabetes mellitus , or as an exaggerated response to too much sugar in the diet. Reactive _____ occurs when the pancreas responds to a high glucose intake (for example a sugary meal), but secretes too m much insulin. The insulin excessively promotes the uptake of glucose, leaving too little glucose in the blood. This is a problem because the brain has an obligate requirement for glucose as its energy source and depends on diffusion (not insulin_ to move glucose into neural cells, therefore, if glucose levels are too low, neural tissue can’t function. The side effect of e disease are mainly CNS in origin, sluggishness, fatigue, hunger, sweating confusion, and in sever cases, agitation coma and death.

A

hypoglycemia

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