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neurobio > chap 2 > Flashcards

chap 2 Flashcards

1
Q

bundles of axons

A

nerves

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2
Q

nervous system throughout the body

A

peripheral

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3
Q

brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system

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4
Q

two types of nerves in PNS

A

motor and sensory

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5
Q

nerves that transmit info from spinal cord and brain to muscles, organs, and gladns

A

motor nerves

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6
Q

nerves activated by sensory surfaces to convey info from body to brain and spinal cord

A

sensory nerves

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7
Q

two systems of the body nerves

A

somatic and autonomic

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8
Q

nerves that connect brain and major muscles and sensory systems

A

somatic nervous system

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9
Q

nerves that control the internal organs (viscera)

A

autonomic nervous system

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10
Q

main pathway for brain to control movement and receive sensory info from body and sensory organs

A

somatic nervous system

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11
Q

two groups of the somatic nervous system

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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12
Q

how many cranial nerves

A

12

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13
Q

nerves that serve the sensory and motor systems of head and neck

A

cranial

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14
Q

olfactory (I) sensory function

A

smell

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15
Q

optic (II) sensory function

A

vision

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16
Q

vestibulocochlear (VIII) sensory function

A

hearing and balance

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17
Q

oculomotor (III) motor function

A

innervates muscles to move the eye

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18
Q

trochlear (IV) motor function

A

innervates muscles to move eye

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19
Q

abducens (VI) motor function

A

innervates muscles to move eye

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20
Q

spinal accessory (XI) motor function

A

control neck muscles

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21
Q

hypoglossal (XII) motor function

A

control tongue

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22
Q

facial (VII) motor function

A

facial muscles, salivary glands, tear glands

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23
Q

trigeminal (V) sensory function

A

face, sinuses, teeth

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24
Q

trigeminal (V) motor function

A

jaw muscles

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25
Q

facial (VII) sensory function

A

tongue, soft palate

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26
Q

glossopharyngeal (IX) sensory function

A

taste and other mouth sensations

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27
Q

glossopharyngeal (IX) motor function

A

throat muscles

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28
Q

vagus (X) sensory function

A

information from internal organs

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29
Q

vagus (X) motor function

A

internal organs

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30
Q

three cranial nerves with only sensory functions

A

olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear

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31
Q

five cranial nerves with only motor functions

A

trochlear, abducens, oculomotor, spinal accessory, hypoglossal

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32
Q

how many spinal nerves

A

31

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33
Q

distinct branches of spinal nerve that are fused together

A

roots

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34
Q

this root of spinal nerve consists of sensory projections from body to spinal cord

A

dorsal (back)

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35
Q

this root of spinal nerve consists of motor projections from spinal cord to muscles

A

ventral (front)

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36
Q

three membrane layers surrounding the spinal cord and vertebrae

A

meninges

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37
Q

which matter is in the center of spinal cord

A

gray matter

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38
Q

which matter consists of interneurons and motor neurons

A

gray matter

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39
Q

which matter is made up of myelinated axons

A

white matter

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40
Q

layers of the meninges

A

pia mater, arachnoid, dura mater

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41
Q

how many cervical nerves

A

8

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42
Q

how many thoracic nerves

A

12

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43
Q

how many lumbar nerves

A

5

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44
Q

how many sacral nerves

A

5

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45
Q

how many coccygeal nerves

A

1

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46
Q

brain’s main system for controlling organs of the body

A

autonomic nervous system

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47
Q

which nervous system do we not have much voluntary control over

A

autonomic

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48
Q

aggregates of neurons found outside the CNS

A

autonomic ganglia

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49
Q

neurons within the brain and spinal cord send their axons to innervate neurons in ganglia, then they send their axons to innervate all major organs

A

autonomic neurons

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50
Q

neurons that run from CNS to autonomic ganglia

A

preganglionic autonomic neurons

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51
Q

neurons that run from autonomic ganglia to various targets in the body

A

postganglionic autonomic neurons

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52
Q

three divisions of autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric

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53
Q

which two systems of the ANS act in oppostion

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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54
Q

location of the preganglionic cells of the sympathetic nervous system

A

middle parts of spinal cord (thoracic and lumbar)

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55
Q

sympathetic chain of autonomic ganglia

A

chain of ganglia that runs along each side of spinal column (part of SNS)

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56
Q

which system prepares body for action (fight-or-flight), increasing BP, dilating pupils, increasing HR

A

sympathetic nervous system

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57
Q

which neurotransmitter does preganglionic axons and parasympathetic and postganglionic produce and release

A

acetylcholine

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58
Q

which neurotransmitter do sympathetic postganglionic cells produce and use

A

norepinephrine

59
Q

which system helps body relax, recuperate, and prepare for future action (rest-and-digest)

A

parasympathetic nervous system

60
Q

which systems axons travel longer distance

A

parasympathetic

61
Q

which systems ganglia are spread throughout the body

A

parasympathetic

62
Q

which neurotransmitter slows down activity

A

acetylcholine

63
Q

neurotransmitter that accelerates activity

A

norepinephrine

64
Q

mesh embedded within walls of digestive organs

A

enteric nervous system

65
Q

local network of sensory and motor neurons that regulate functioning of the gut, controlled by CNS

A

enteric nervous system

66
Q

system that plays key role in maintaining fluid and nutrient balances in body

A

enteric nervous system

67
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A

right and left halves of your forebrain

68
Q

outer covering of cerebral hemispheres

A

cerebral cortex

69
Q

makeup of cerebral cortex

A

neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, axons

70
Q

ridged or raised portion of convoluted brain surface

A

gyrus

71
Q

furrows of convoluted brain surface

A

sulcus

72
Q

right and left halves of body

A

sagittal plane

73
Q

front and back parts of body

A

coronal plane

74
Q

upper and lower parts of body

A

horizontal plane

75
Q

towards middle

A

medial

76
Q

towards side

A

lateral

77
Q

ipsilateral

A

on same side of body

78
Q

contralateral

A

opposite sides of body

79
Q

superior

A

above

80
Q

below

A

inferior

81
Q

head

A

anterior/rostral

82
Q

tail

A

posterior/caudal

83
Q

near the center

A

proximal

84
Q

towards periphery

A

distal

85
Q

carries into region we are interested in

A

afferent

86
Q

carries info away from region of interest

A

efferent

87
Q

towards back

A

dorsal

88
Q

towards belly

A

ventral

89
Q

four major cortical regions

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

90
Q

division of temporal lobe from other regions of hemisphere

A

sylvian fissure

91
Q

division between frontal and parietal lobes

A

central sulcus

92
Q

seat of complex cognition

A

cortex

93
Q

damage to which region would mean impairments of movement and sensation, speech errors, memory problems, personality changes, visual impairments.

A

cortex

94
Q

auditory info goes to which lobe

A

temporal

95
Q

sensory info and spatial cognition to which lobe

A

parietal lobe

96
Q

info from the eyes goes to which lobe

A

occipital

97
Q

receives somatosensory information from body

A

postcentral gyrus

98
Q

movement and high-level cognition goes to which lobe

A

frontal

99
Q

crucial for motor control

A

precentral gyrus

100
Q

left hemisphere controls which side of body

A

right

101
Q

hundreds of millions of axons in a large C-shaped bundle

A

corpus callosum

102
Q

responsible for communication between right and left cerebral hemispheres

A

corpus callosum

103
Q

brain matter that receives and processes information

A

gray

104
Q

brain matter that transmits information

A

white matter

105
Q

CNS in very young embryo

A

neural tube

106
Q

when does the neural tube develop into three separate parts

A

a few weeks after conception

107
Q

forebrain

A

prosencephalon

108
Q

midbrain

A

mesencephalon

109
Q

hindbrain

A

rhombencephalon

110
Q

frontal subdivision of forebrain that includes cerebral hemispheres when fully developed

A

telencephalon

111
Q

part of the developing forebrain that becomes thalamus and hypothalamus

A

diencephalon

112
Q

structures of hindbrain

A

metencephalon, cerebellum, pons, and medulla (myelencephalon)

113
Q

brainstem structures

A

midbrain, pons, medulla

114
Q

aggregations of neurons in major brain regions

A

nuclei

115
Q

bundles of axons in major brain regions

A

tracts

116
Q

is there more glial cells or more neurons

A

glial cells

117
Q

cells that provide support and contribute to info processing

A

glial cells

118
Q

thought neurons were continuous, forming an endless network of info flow

A

Golgi

119
Q

neurons are contiguous but have a tiny gap to keep the cell separate

A

Cajal

120
Q

Nissl stains

A

outline all cell bodies because dyes are attracted to RNA within the cell

121
Q

Golgi stains

A

label only a small minority of neurons but very deeply and completely

122
Q

4 main parts of a neuron

A

soma, mitochondria, cell nucleus, ribosomes

123
Q

house of all organelles

A

soma

124
Q

in charge of producing energy

A

mitochondria

125
Q

holds blueprints (genes and DNA)

A

cell nucleus

126
Q

receives orders on genetics from nucleus and transmits them to start building proteins needed for constructing and operating the neuron

A

ribosomes

127
Q

three different structures of neurons

A

multipolar, unipolar, bipolar

128
Q

most common neuron type, many dendrites and one axon

A

multipolar neurons

129
Q

found in sensory areas, especially with vision. one dendrite at one end of the cell and one axon at the other end

A

bipolar neurons

130
Q

neuron that sends touch information from the body to the spinal cord. one axon branches off in two directions from cell body, one direction has dendrites for the input of information and the other end has axon terminals to send info to other cells

A

unipolar neurons

131
Q

which neurons pass information between neurons in the brain

A

interneurons

132
Q

neurons that control movements. they receive commands from the brain to control muscles, organs, or glands

A

motor neurons

133
Q

take information from the skin to the spinal cord or brain. differently shaped neurons for different senses

A

sensory

134
Q

key components of a synapse

A

presynaptic axon terminal, synaptic vesicles, presynaptic membrane, synaptic cleft, neurotransmitter molecules, dendrites, postsynaptic receptors, postsynaptic membrane, axon hillock

135
Q

how big is the synaptic cleft

A

20-40 nanometers

136
Q

4 types of glial cells

A

astrocyte, microglial cell, oligodendrocytes, schwann cells

137
Q

star-shaped cell with processes extending in different directions

A

astrocyte

138
Q

cells that regulate blood flow to send more to active neurons, form new synapses, and find neural activity

A

astrocyte

139
Q

very small, active cells that clean up and contain injuries

A

microglial cells

140
Q

glial cells involved in myelinating the brain and spinal cord

A

oligodendrocytes

141
Q

glial cells involved in myelinating the body

A

schwann cells

142
Q

cells that hold the nervous system together (glue)

A

glial cells

143
Q

medical issues associated with glial cells

A

MS, edema, and tumors on glial cells

neurobio (6 decks)

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