Chap. 8 Flashcards
what is a paradigm
coined my kuhn, a paradigm is known as a framework for thinking or knoweldge
what does normal science do according to kuhn
it advances bit by bit within the existing frameworks or paradigms.
how does a paradigm shift occur
it occurs when anomolies arise in the current thinking (paradigms). initally these are put down to poor experimental design. as these accumulate over time problems can no longer be ignored which leads to a crisis forcing the sci comm to reexamine existing paradigms. if done right new heories are proposed and we get a paradigm shift`
what did st. thomas aquinas do
he incorperated some of great greek philosophy into the powerful roman catholic church. however his false views become intrenched into western culture such as the idea that heavy objects fall faster than less massive ones.
what are some ideas carried over by Aquinas
- four elements
- idea the universe is fuilled with a substance caslled the aether
- the four humours
what were the four humors
They were four fluids that existed in the body that could explain everything. they were the origin of treatments such as leeches and the useage of vapours.
the four names were blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile
what personality traits does each humor corrospond to
yellow - sensing percieveing - artisan
black - intuitive feeling - idealist
blood - sensing judging - guardian
intuitive thinking - rational
examples of paradigm shifts
- heliocentric view of the solar system
- plate techtonics, originally proposed as continental drift
- modern synthetic theory of evolution
example of a modern paradigm shift
in 2005 barry marshal and robin warren discovered that stomach ulcers were not caused by stress but by a certain strain of bacteria. they were young outside the field and collaborated w others outside the field however they were attacked by older traditional scientists who felt threatened.
what are the characteristics of those who are proponants of the old theories
usually older, no longer feel relevant and have many vested interests.
what are the characteristics od those who are proponants f the new theories
often young, outside the field and ignored and ridiculed by the establishment.
what are five pitfalls for new scientists
- ignore or rule out data that doesnt support hyp
- extrapolating beyond the data
- mistaking hyp for an explanation
- thinking something is obvious and doesnt need testing
- confusing correlation with caustation
