chapitre 8

Question 1

Strategic attributes

Answer 1

Quality
Cost
Variety
Lead time
Volume
flexibility

Question 2

What are products that are Made to order

Answer 2

Simplified design process because customer participates
Demand variability

Question 3

What are products that are made to stock / standard

Answer 3

Complex design process because products are expected to satisfy a large number of customers
Simplified planning

Question 4

Production Design Strategies

Answer 4

Standardization
Simplification
Modular design
Delayed differentiation
Product Design and Sustainability

Question 5

What is Standardization

Answer 5

Standardization refers to the strategy of seeking uniformity in products (goods and services) and in the parts comprising them.
Operations Management and Logistics: Fundamental Principles and Methods, p.268

Question 6

What are the advantages and disadvantages of standardization

Answer 6

A: Fewer parts to deal with in inventory and manufacturing
Reduced training costs and time

More routine purchasing, handling and inspection procedures

Orders can be met from inventory
Opportunities for long production runs and automation

Need for fewer parts justifies increased expenditures on perfecting designs and improving quality control procedures

D: Designing a product that meets the needs of many customers requires a large investment

High cost of design changes increases resistance to improvements

Decreased variety results in less consumer appeal

It is difficult to adequately address the needs of a specific client

Question 7

What is Modular Design

Answer 7

A form of standardization
Parts are subdivided into MODULES

Question 8

Advantages and Disadvantages of modular design

Answer 8

A: Easier diagnosis and remedy of failures

Easier to repair and replace
Simplification of planning, procurement, inventory management, manufacturing and assembly

Lowers training costs

D:Modules must be compatible and interchangeable

Increase in replacement costs, as the whole defective module must be changed

Question 9

Delayed Differentiation

Answer 9

The manufacturing process starts by making a generic or family product that is later differentiated into a specific end-product.

Question 10

What is the Design for the Environment

Answer 10

Design a product from material that can be recycled

Design from recycled material

Design for ease of repair

Minimize packaging

Minimize material and energy used during manufacturing, consumption and disposal

Producer responsible of product even after the product’s useful life

Question 11

Process selection criteria

Answer 11

Volume
Variety
Demand
Flow

Question 12

Types of Processes

Answer 12

Job shop

Batch

Mass production

Continuous (process)

Question 13

Types of Flow

Answer 13

Intermittent Flow:
Movement of in process products is discontinuous and multi-directional

Semi-Continuous flow:
In process products move in a regular yet intermittent, unidirectional manner

Continuous flow:
The product moves in a constant unidirectional manner

Question 14

Process types

Answer 14

Job shop: intermittent, high variety, low volume

Batch: intermittent, mid tends high variety, mid volume tends low

Mass production: Semi-continuous, mass customization, mid volume tends high, mid tends low variety

continuous process: continuous, high volume, low variety

Question 15

Mass Customization

Answer 15

A strategy of producing standardized goods or services,
but incorporating some degree of customization

Question 16

Facility layout

Answer 16

Refers to the location of departments, work centers, or equipment in the space of a facility/plant

Includes the arrangement of different sections of a plant as well as the layout of workstations and equipment

Also refers to the design of office space and the layout of service facilities

Question 17

Objectives of Facility Layout

Answer 17

Minimize material-handling costs
Utilize space efficiently
Utilize labor efficiently
Eliminate bottlenecks
Facilitate communication and interaction
Reduce manufacturing cycle time
Reduce customer service time
Eliminate wasted or redundant movement
Increase capacity
Facilitate entry, exit, and placement of material, products, and people
Incorporate safety and security measures
Promote product and service quality
Encourage proper maintenance activities
Provide a visual control of activities
Provide flexibility to adapt to changing conditions

Question 18

Fixed-position Layout

Answer 18

“Layout in which the product remains fixed. Equipment and workers are brought to the site as required”

Constant movement of workers and equipment

Products that are complex or big
Complex production control that requires good coordination

Question 19

Functional Layout (Process)

Answer 19

“Layout where the work centres and equipment are arranged in clusters based on the operations they perform”

Flexible system with respect to personnel and equipment
Multidirectional and variable flows

Complex quality control and supervision

Qualified workforce (specific skills for operating equipment)

Question 20

Linear Layout (Product)

Answer 20

“Layout where the work centres and equipment are set up sequentially, in the order in which the products move through the different operations”

Simple, logical flow, unique and unidirectional

Costly and inflexible system
Reduced amount of work-in-progress inventory

One failure can stop the whole line

Repetitive jobs (low levels of qualifications)

General supervision

Question 21

Cellular Layout

Answer 21

“Layout in which the work centres and equipment are arranged in several groups or cells around a team of employees”

Flexible system

General supervision required with relatively simple controls

Simplification of planning and scheduling activities

Autonomy and versatility of workers and emphasis on teamwork

Typically, a group of workers involved in production of a good from A to Z