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Microbiology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

A microorganism can either be

A

pathogenic or non-pathogenic

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2
Q

can infect and cause diseases on human, plants or animals

A

Pathogenic
microorganisms

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3
Q

are beneficial to the host

A

nonpathogenic microorganisms

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4
Q

is a population
of microorganisms naturally present within a healthy body. It could be on the skin surface,
within natural body cavities, in the gastrointestinal tract or reproductive tract.

A

normal flora

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5
Q

Characteristics of Microorganisms

A
  1. Morphological Characteristics
  2. Chemical Composition
  3. Cultural Characteristics
  4. Metabolic Characteristics
  5. Antigenic Characteristic
  6. Genetic Characteristics
  7. Pathogenecity
  8. Ecological Characteristics
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6
Q

cell shape, size (μm), and structure, special structures,
cell arrangements, staining reactions and motility and flagellar arrangements.

A

Morphological characteristics:

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7
Q

: chemical constituents of the cells

A

Chemical composition

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8
Q

: nutritional requirements and physical conditions required for
growth (temperature), and the manner in which growth occurs, type of culture
medium

A

Cultural characteristics

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9
Q

: how cells obtain and use their energy, carry out chemical
reactions, and regulate these reactions

A

Metabolic characteristics

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10
Q

: distinctive chemical components (antigens) of the
microorganism

A

Antigenic characteristics

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11
Q

: hereditary material of the cell

A

Genetic characteristics

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12
Q

: ability to cause disease of a microorganism

A

Pathogenecity

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13
Q

: habitat and distribution of microorganism in nature, and
interactions between and among species in natural environment

A

Ecological characteristics

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14
Q

Types of microorganisms

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Archaea
  3. Fungi
  4. Protozoa
  5. Alagae
  6. Virus
  7. Multicellular Animal parasites
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15
Q

: also called prokaryotes (no nuclear membrane); unicellular; enclosed in cell
walls rich in carbohydrates and peptidoglycan; divides by binary fission.

A

Bacteria

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16
Q

: also prokaryotic; cell walls lacks peptidoglycan; found in extreme
environments

A

Archaea

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17
Q

: eukaryotic cell (with distinct nucleus); may be uni/multicellular

A

Fungi

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18
Q

: unicellular eukaryotic; move by appendages.

A

Protozoa

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19
Q

: photosynthetic eukaryotes; cell walls are made of cellulose (plant
carbohydrate).

A

Algae

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20
Q

: acellular microorganism; made either of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein
coat, that is sometimes further encased in a lipid membrane; need host cells to
reproduce.

A

Virus

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21
Q

: although not strictly microorganisms, these organisms
are microscopic in some stages of their development. Also use microbiological
techniques in their diagnosis.

A

Multicellular animal parasites

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22
Q

is exclusively a population of a single kind of
microorganism in an environment regardless of number.

A

pure culture

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23
Q

The descendants of pure culture
are called .

A

strains

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24
Q

A collection of strains having similar characteristics are called .

A

species

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25
Q

collection of species having similar characteristics are called

A

genus

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26
Q

A group of
similar genera (genus) is

A

family

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27
Q

A group of similar families is

A

order

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28
Q

group of similar orders
is

A

Class

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29
Q

A group of similar classes is

A

division

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30
Q

A group of similar division is .

A

kingdom

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31
Q

Taxonomists are the one responsible in

A

naming and classifying organisms based
on its stability and predictability

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32
Q

One of the common and most reliable methods of classifying microbes is by genetic
relatedness between organisms based on their

A

hereditary material (DNA).

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33
Q

Currently the organisms are classified into three domains:

A

eubacteria, archaea, and
eukarya

34
Q

is consisting of bacteria with cell walls containing peptidoglycan

A

Eubacteria

35
Q

, previously under eubacteria, are prokaryotes that lack peptidoglycan in their cell
walls)

A

Archaea

36
Q

Eukarya includes

A

protists (protozoa, algae),
fungi (yeasts, molds, mushrooms), plants,
and animals.

37
Q

In 1735 the Swedish botanist__________ developed a simple nomenclature
system to classify and name all organisms

A

Carl Linnaeus

38
Q

In 1735 the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus developed a simple nomenclature
system to classify and name all organisms referred to as

A

binomial nomenclature

39
Q

each organism is assigned two Latinized named, the first name is called the _______.
The second name is the _________, which is the name of the species

A

genus
specific epithet

40
Q

Study of bacteria.

A

Bacteriology

41
Q

: Study of fungi

A

Mycology

42
Q

Study of protozoans (animal like single celled eukaryotic organisms)

A

Protozoology

43
Q

Study of viruses and viral diseases. Although viruses are non-cellular in
nature, they are included in microbiology due to (1) the techniques used to study
viruses are microbiological in nature, and (2) the diagnostic procedures used are
employed in microbiological laboratories

A

Virology

44
Q

Study of parasitism and parasites (include pathogenic protozoa,
helminthes worms and certain insects).

A

Parasitology

45
Q

: Deals with the immune system that protects against infection and to
study serology reactions.

A

Immunology

46
Q

During the days of ______ (384 BC - 322 BC), a Greek philosopher, he introduced
the Theory of Spontaneous Generation which states that life come from non-living matter.
Although there were some intellectuals that believed otherwise like _____(98-55 BC)
and________ (1478-1553) but were not able to provide proof. Thus the theory
of spontaneous generation remains unchallenged for over 2000 years until refuted by
several scientists through scientific experimentation.

A

Aristotle
Lucretius
Girolamo Fracastoro

47
Q

The very first scientist to formally challenge the Theory of Spontaneous Generation
was an Italian naturalist named

A

Francesco Redi

48
Q

At around the same time, 1665, an English scientist named ________ (1635-
1703) popularized the use of compound microscope first invented by __________,

A

Robert Hooke
Zacharias Janssen

49
Q

Robert Hooke (A), the _______ he used in his observations (B), and the _________
he observed on thin slices of cork

A

microscope
“cells”, or pores

50
Q

The works of
Hooke inspired _______________ (pronounced lay-ven-hook), a merchant of
textiles and an amateur lens grinder, to get interested in
microscope. He improved Hooke’s microscope by grinding
lenses to achieve magnification, some of which magnified
objects up to 270 times. With his improvement, van
Leeuwenhoek became the first person to view living
microorganisms, so tiny that they were invisible to the naked
eye, which he called “animalcules”. He first described bacteria,
protozoans and many cells of the human body. Due to his
contribution to the establishment of the microbiology, he is
considered as the “Father of Microbiology”.

A

Antony van
Leeuwenhoek

51
Q

The debate on the origin of organism was finally settled in 1861 by
__________ (1822-1895), a French chemist. Pasteur showed that
microorganisms are present in the air.

A

Louis Pasteur

52
Q

___________, one of the best
known sterilization techniques, was developed and
named after Louis Pasteur.

A

Pasteurization

53
Q

The works of ______$ (1820-1893), an
English physicist, and ______’ (1828-1898),
a German botanist, in the late 1800s led to one of the most important discoveries in
sterilization
and
bacteriology.

A

John Tyndall
Ferdinand Cohn

54
Q

Tyndall discovered that bacteria existed in two
forms: a heat-stable form and a heat-sensitive form, and that prolonged or intermittent
heating called ________ destroys heat stable form of bacteria.

A

tyndallization

55
Q

– opposite to cellular microorganisms, acellular microbes needs
host cells to reproduce. An example is a virus

A

Acellular microorganisms

56
Q

– a theory that states that life spontaneously appear from
non-living matter

A

Spontaneous generation theory

57
Q

– a French chemist who ended the debate on the theory of spontaneous
generation and also formally initiated the germ theory of diseases

A

Louis Pasteur

58
Q

– microorganisms or germs cause a disease in humans, animals or
other living things

A

Germ theory of disease

59
Q

a guideline that Robert Koch created in establishing a disease and
pathogen relationship

A

Koch’s Postulates –

60
Q

– the ability of a pathogenic microbe to develop a resistance to the
effects of an antimicrobial medication

A

Antimicrobial resistance

61
Q

is a valuable tool in the
study of microorganisms.

A

microscope

62
Q

is an instrument that uses one or more lenses to produce a magnified
image of an object that is invisible to the naked eye

A

microscope

63
Q

(also called optical microscope) in which it uses natural
or artificial transmitted light as the source of light to illuminate an object.

A

light microscopy

64
Q

of a microscope is the
ability of a microscope to see a tiny object 1000 times. A simple compound microscope can
see as tiny as 0.1 micrometer (μm) or 100 nanometers (nm) diameter.

A

Magnification

65
Q

on the other hand is the ability to
distinguish details or to see two close objects as two distinct objects

A

Resolution

66
Q

are the lenses you look through. In binocular
microscopes the eyepieces can be adjusted to match the distance between the eyes of
different observers. The magnifications are usually stamped on the side of the eyepiece
(most are 10X).

A

Eyepiece/Ocular Lens: The eyepieces

67
Q

Light travels from the objectives through a series of magnifying lenses in the
body tube to the ocular. In some microscopes, the body tube is straight; in others, the
oculars are held at an angle. The body tube contains a prism that bends the light rays so that
they will pass through the oculars.

A

Body tube:

68
Q

: Attached to a rotating nose piece, or turret, at the base of the body tube
are a group of 3 or 4 objectives. The objective lenses focus the light that comes through the
specimen, up the body tube, and through the oculars. Each objective has numbers stamped
on it. One of these numbers identifies the magnification of the objective (e.g., 43X).
Objective lenses are usually named according to their magnifying power, as follows:
scanning power 4X; low power 10X; high power 40X; oil immersion 100X.

A

Objective Lens

69
Q

The surface or platform on which you place the microscope slide is the

A

stage

70
Q

In the
center of the stage is an opening called

A

stage aperture

71
Q

On some microscopes, the stage is
_______ and has clips to hold the slide in place.

A

stationary

72
Q

microscopes, the stage is
movable and is called a

A

mechanical stage

73
Q

The area under the stage, called the _______, may contain a diaphragm, a
condenser, or both.

A

substage

74
Q

The _______ regulates the amount of light passing from the light source
through the specimen and through the lens system of the microscope. By properly adjusting
the diaphragm, you can provide better contrast between the surrounding medium and your
specimen, thus greatly improving your image of the specimen.

A

diaphragm

75
Q

The _______________: The light source, usually an electric lamp, which transmits light
through a translucent object for viewing and controlled by an on/off switch. You can control
the amount of light entering the specimen by adjusting the diaphragm.

A

Illumination System

76
Q

You can focus your microscope by using this

A

Coarse and fine adjustment knobs:

77
Q

: uses an ultraviolet light source to expose a specimen stained with
fluorescent dye resulting in an emission of longer wavelength of light. Example: The bacteria
stained with fluorescent dye appear as a brightly glowing object against a dark background.

A

Fluorescent microscopes

78
Q

: utilizes a beam of electrons instead of a beam of light used in the light
microscopy. The resolution of the electron microscope is extremely high, theoretically
100,000 times than that of a light microscope

A

Electron microscopes

79
Q

: a type of an electron microscope that provides a threedimensional image of the object as well as high resolution.

A

Scanning electron microscope

80
Q

: another type of electron microscopy by which live organisms can be
visualized based on rapid cooling of specimens by deep-freezing in liquid gas and the
subsequent formation of carbon platinum replica of the specimen.

A

Freeze-etching

Microbiology (9 decks)

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