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Microbiology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Prokaryotic:

A

• No nuclear membrane (not absolute)

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2
Q

What is a Eukaryotic cells:

A

• Nucleus membrane organelles, larger than prok.

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3
Q

Aristole believed in which two systems ?

A

• Animal and plant

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4
Q

What are the five kingdom systems of Robert Whittaker?

A

o protist,monerans,fungi,plant,animals

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5
Q

Who divided microorganism into three groups based on ribosomal RNA, and which groups?

A

o Carl woese Bacteria, Archea , Eukaryotes

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6
Q

Which domain is single-celled, cell wall with peptidoglycan, lacks a membrane bound nucleus, some lives in extreme environment, can be harmful and helpful and recycle?

A

o Domain Bacteria

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7
Q

Which domain are slightly different from bacteria by rRNA, lacks a peptidoglycan in cell wall but have a unique membrane lipid, can excrete methane gas, and most live in extreme environments?

A

o Domain Archea

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8
Q

Which domain are the largest of the three, and can be p,a, algae, protozoa, molds, water molds, fungi?

A

o Domain Eukarya

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9
Q

What is an aceulluar infectious Agent that is not part of the 3 domains? That is the smallest, made out of proteins and nucleic acids, requires a host to replicate, causes diseases?

A

o Viruses (not alive) –non reactive outside the host

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10
Q

What is a viroid and virusoids ?

A

o Infectious agents made out of RNA

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11
Q

What are prions?

A

o Infectious proteins (in folding)

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12
Q

How do we define life?

A

o Metabolism, growth, reproduction, genetic variation/evolution, adaptation to outside, homeostasis (uses energy)

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13
Q

What are the macromolecules needed for life?

A

o Polypeptide(amino acids) Enzyme catalyse, Nucleic acid(DNA,RNA) Informaton for cell division, Lipid cellular membrane, Polysaccharides (sugars) cellulose and chitin,energy,glycogen

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14
Q

What are the 5 types of polypeptide?

A

o RNA poly (Produces RNA molecules from DNA)-cytoplasm
o Glycogenphosphorylase Kchannel ( K^+ passive transport across the membrane h-L)-PM
o Na/K ATPase (act.Tranp of Na and K across membrane L-H)-Plasma Membrane
o Flagellin (monomers to help move)-Bacterial flagellum
o FtsZ (cell division)-plasma membrane of bacteria

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15
Q

The lipid bilayer( phospholipid bilayer) also has two poly which are?

A

Polysaccharides and polypeptides

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16
Q

DNA and RNA allows us to break domains into groups? Also a storehouse of gent. Inform

A

True

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17
Q

What does studying genetics of microbes teach us about the evolution of life on earth?

A

o There was little oxygen in the atmosphere

o Early atmosphere led to first forms of macromolecules and primitive single cell life

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18
Q

Through radioisotopes we can determine what ?(fossils of cyanobacteria,mats)

A

o Earth is 4.5 BYO

o Microbes dominated for 3.5 BY/ –Multi(0.5BY (not much has changed)

19
Q

How did Stantly Miller experiment help understand how the first microbial life arose?

A

o He formed Organic compounds( Amino acids) from primordial soup(clear-red)

20
Q

What were the earliest molecules and who is Thomas Cech ?

A

o Ribozymes (RNA and enzyme) that can form peptide bonds, replicate, and cellular work, Catalyzing and store. It is believed earlier cell RNA inside liposomes

21
Q

What is micelle and it role in RNA? (early form of a cell)

A

o Help separate outside by holding RNA inside

22
Q

How did Eukaryotes appear?

A

o Endosymbiotic (inside helping each other out) ingested microbes like (Mitochondria /o2 to ATP). Chloroplasts Co2 +energy to make sugar) Both looks like bacteria, DNA and Ribosomes and similar SSU rRNA aswell to bacteria!

23
Q

Differences in production in Eukaryotic,Bacteria & Archea

A 
o	Euk (An.PnT) naturally interbreed
o	Bac& Archea (no sexual reproduce) the fore called stains come from an pure ancestor slightly deviation
24
Q

What is binomial nomenclature and who developed it ?

A

o Carolus Linnaeus, in which Genus and species epithet
o First letter in the word Cap and the second word not, all utilized or underline
o Escherichia coli or Escherichia coli after one use E. coli

25
Q

What are the tools used to study microbiology

A

o Microscope, culture techniques, molecular genetics, genomics

26
Q

Who was the first to discover Microorganism?

A

o Robert Hooke looking at cork, called cells, composed the cell theory: All living things are composed of cells

27
Q

Who was the first microbiologist ?

A

o Antony Van Leeuwenhoek(Fabric worker), wrote and published with 50-300 times mangf, called microbes animalcules, studied teeth and diarrhea

28
Q

What is a Archaezoa?

A

o Abanded kingdom for Euk no mitochondria, multiple flagella. Ex.Giardia lamblia (diarrhea Antony)

29
Q

Who are the scientist that discredited spontaneous generation and their experiment.

A

o Francesco Redi- Three containers with meat, one with paper(none),guaze(on top of it),open(inside)
o Lazzaro Spallanzani-Broth in flask-sealed-boiled (this way no micro in the air)-novital fo
o Louis Pasteur-flask showing when exposed to the dust with bacteria it grew-Biogenesis
o John Tyndall-dust carries microorganisms, showed air(no growth without dust)-found heat resistant forms of bacteria exist

30
Q

Who is the scientist who tried to support spontaneous generation?

A

o John Needham-brooth-boiled-sealed ( growth) contamination

31
Q

What is biogenesis?

A

o Life comes from life

32
Q

What did Ferdinand Cohn found?

A

o Heat resistant bacteria could produce endospores.

33
Q

Who were the scientist who had a connection between microorganism and Diseases?

A

o Agostini Bassi-silkworms caused by fungus
o M.J Berkely-Patato- blight of Ireland caused by water mold
o Heinrich de Bary-smut and rust fungi caused by cereal crop diseases

34
Q

.How did Louis Pastur saved France wine?

A

o Showed the wrong microorganism caused fermentation to go wrong, used pasteurization(heating to kill pathogens to then cool off)-not sterilization. Showed Pebrine disease of silkworm caused by a protozoan-become rich after sent scientist

35
Q

What are two doctors who help the medical coexist with microbiology?

A

o Ignaz Semmelweis- urged doctors to wash their hands(direct)
o Joseph Lister-developed a surgery designed to prevent infection in patients-surgical dressing phenol-(indirect )

36
Q

Who was the first Epidemiologist associated with Cholea.

A

o John Snow-Broad Street well-sewer pipe was leaking into well, after remove of pump handle, no more death. Local brewer not affected-drinking :D

37
Q

What did Robert Koch do with anthrax? And what is something he made?

A

o Established a relationship between Bacillus anthracis and Anthrax, developed Koch’s postulates

38
Q

What are Koch’s postulates? Why pure?

A
  1. Microorganism must be present in every case besides the healthy one
  2. The suspected microorganism must be isolated and growth in pure culture
  3. The same disease must show up in a healthy host which as been implanted it
  4. The same microorganism must be isolated from the disease host.
  5. Pure because so no other thing is there.
39
Q

What are some limitations on Koch’s postulates

A

o Some organism cannot be grown in pure culture, doing it on human is bad, viruse(no)

40
Q

Koch’s work led to the discovery and development of

A 
o	Agar(Fanny Hess)         Petri dish ( Richard Petri)         
o	Nutrient broth and nutrient agar, Method for isolating microorganism, Aseptic technique
41
Q

Why is agar a good choice?

A

o Not broken down, melt @ 100C, does not solidify until 50C, produces clear product

42
Q

Who discovered viruses?

A

o Charles Chamberland-porcelain bacterial filters /called (filterable particles)

43
Q

What did Pasteur and Roux discover?

A

o Incubation of cultures for long intervals can cause pathogens to lose their ability to harm, used to vaccines, developed vaccines for (chicken cholera, anthrax, and rabies).

44
Q

What did Edward Jenner vaccine do?

A

o Vaccination to protect against small pox,milkmaid, tested on 8 yro
45.What did Paul Ehrich-German physician cured?
o Syphillis by a drug name Savarsan
46. What did Alexander Fleming discover by mistake?
o First antibiotic, (penicillin) that kills S. aureus.

Microbiology (2 decks)

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