Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A & P > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

physiology

A

concerns the function of the body, how the body parts works and carry out their life-sustaining activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

gross or macroscopic anatomy

A

study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

regional anatomy

A

all the structures (muscle, bones, blood vessels, nerves, etc.) in a particular region of the body, such as the abdomen or leg, are examined at the same time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

systemic anatomy

A

body structure is studied system by system (i.e. cardiovascular you examine heart and blood vessels of entire body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

surface anatomy

A

the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface (i.e. muscles beneath a bodybuilder’s skin, clinicians use it to locate appropriate blood vessels fell pulses and draw blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

microscopic anatomy

A

deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

cytology anatomy

A

considers the cells of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

histology anatomy

A

the study of tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

developmental anatomy

A

traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

embryology anatomy

A

a subdivision of developmental anatomy, concerns developmental changes that occur before birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

pathological anatomy

A

studies structural changes caused by disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

radiographic anatomy

A

studies internal structures as visualized by X-ray images or specialized scanning procedures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

molecular biology

A

falls under anatomy umbrella @ subcellular level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

palpation

A

feeling organs with hands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

auscultation

A

listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

anatomical terminology

A

name parts and describe how they are related

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

renal physiology

A

concerns kidney function and urine production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

neurophysiology

A

explains the working of the nervous systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

cardiovascular physiology

A

examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

principle of complementarity of structure and function

A

function always reflects structure, what a structure can do depends on its specific form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

chemical level

A

the simplest level of the structural hierarchy, at this level atoms combine to form molecules such as water and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

organelles

A

are formed when molecules associate in a specific way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

cells

A

are the smallest units of living things

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

cellular level

A

cells have some common functions, but individual cells vary widely in size and shape, reflecting their unique functions in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

tissue level

A

tissues are groups of similar cells that have a common function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

four basic tissue types in the human body

A

epithelium, muscle, connective tissue, and nervous tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

epithelium tissue

A

covers the body surface and lines its cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

muscle tissue

A

provides movements, muscular system generates most body heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

connective tissue

A

supports and protects body organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

nervous tissue

A

provides means of rapid internal communications by transmitting electrical impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

organ

A

a discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types (four is more common) that performs a specific function for the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

organ level

A

extremely complex functions become possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

organ system level

A

organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose make up an organ system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

organism

A

highest level of structural organization, human being

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

organismal level

A

represents the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

levels of structural organization

A

chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

organ systems

A

cardiovascular, integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems (immune closely related to lymphatic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

living organism maintain its boundaries

A

its internal environment remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

integumentary system

A

skin, system protects our internal organs form drying out, bacteria, and the damaging effects of heat, sunlight, and chemicals in the external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

movement

A

includes the activities promoted by the muscular system (propelling ourselves from one place to another, manipulating external environment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

contractility

A

cellular level, the muscle cell’s ability to move by shortening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

responsiveness or excitability

A

the ability to sense changes (which serve as stimuli) in the environment and then respond to them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

digestion

A

the breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

metabolism

A

a broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells, regulated largely by hormones secreted by endocrine system glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate, transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

catabolism

A

breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

anabolism

A

synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

cellular respiration

A

using nutrients and oxygen to produce ATP, the energy-rich molecules that power cellular activities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

excretion

A

the process of removing wastes, or excreta fro the body, feces, urine, exhaled air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

reproduction

A

occurs at the cellular and the organismal level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

cellular reproduction

A

the original cell divides, producing tow identical daughter cells that may then be used for body growth or repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

human organism reproduction

A

reproductive system regulated by hormones of the endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

growth

A

increase in size of a body part or the organism as a whole, constructive activities must occur at a faster rate than destructive ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

survival needs

A

nutrients, oxygen, water, and appropriate temperature and atmospheric pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

nutrients

A

taken via diet, contain the chemical substances used for energy and cell building

57
Q

oxygen

A

the chemical reactions that release energy from foods are oxidative reactions that require oxygen, human cells can survive for only a few minutes without oxygen, respiratory and cardiovascular systems make oxygen available to the blood and body cells

58
Q

water

A

accounts for 60 -8-% of our body weight and is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body. it provides the watery environment necessary for chemical reactions and the fluid base for body secretions and excretions

59
Q

normal body temperatures

A

must be maintained if chemical reactions are to continue at life-sustaining rates

60
Q

atmospheric pressure

A

force that air exerts on the surface of the body, breathing and gas exchange in lungs depend on appropriate atmospheric pressure

61
Q

homeostasis

A

Walter Cannon, American physiologist “wisdom of the body” the ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuous state of equilibrium or balance which internal conditions vary but always within relatively narrow limits

62
Q

variable

A

the factor or event being regulated

63
Q

homeostatic control mechanisms are processes involving at three components

A

1st receptor, 2nd control center, 3rd effector

64
Q

receptor

A

some type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes called stimuli by sending information (input) to 2nd component, the control center, along the afferent pathway

65
Q

control center

A

determines the set point, level or range which variable is to be maintained, analyzes the input it receives and determines the appropriate response or course of action, information (output) flows from control center to 3rd component the effector along the efferent pathway

66
Q

effector

A

provides the means for the control centers response (output) to the stimulus

67
Q

feedback

A

the results of the response to effect the stimulus, either reducing it (negative feedback) or enhancing it (positive feedback)

68
Q

negative feedback

A

reduces the stimulus so the whole control process is shut off, shuts off the original effect of the stimulus or reduces its intensity, cause the variable to change in a direction opposite to that of the initial change

69
Q

positive feedback

A

enhances it so the whole process continues at even faster rate, result or response enhances original stimulus so that the response is accelerated, positive because change that results proceeds in the same direction as the initial change, causing variable to deviate further and further from original value or range, usually infrequent events and do not require continuous adjustments, set off series of events that are self-perpetuating, once initiated amplifying or waterfall effect cascades, such as enhancement of labor contractions or blood clotting

70
Q

hypothalamus

A

part of brain controls body temperature

71
Q

withdrawal reflex

A

another type of neural control mechanism the hand is jerked away from a painful stimulus (such as broken glass)

72
Q

endocrine system

A

important in maintaining homeostasis, ex. negative feedback control of blood sugar

73
Q

negative feedback mechanisms goal

A

preventing sudden severe changes within the body

74
Q

negative feedback mechanisms include:

A

regulate heart rate, blood pressure, rate and depth of breathing, blood levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and minerals

75
Q

homeostatic imbalance

A

most disease can be regarded as a result of it disturbance, as we age, body’s control system becomes less efficient, increases risk of illness and changes associated with aging

76
Q

a source of homeostatic imbalance

A

when the usual negative feedback mechanisms are overwhelmed and destructive positive feedback mechanisms take over, such as some instances of heart failure

77
Q

anatomical position

A

reference point standard body position, body erect, feet slightly apart (slightly on toes), palms face forward and thumbs point away from body

78
Q

superior (cranial)

A

toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above (the head is superior to the abdomen)

79
Q

inferior (caudal)

A

away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below (navel is inferior to the chin)

80
Q

ventral (anterior)

A

toward or at the front of the body; in front of (breastbone is anterior to the spine)

81
Q

dorsal (posterior)

A

toward or at the back of the body; behind (heart is posterior to the breastbone)

82
Q

medial

A

toward or at the midline of the body: on the inner side of (heart is medial to the arm)

83
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of (arms are lateral to the chest)

84
Q

intermediate

A

between a more medial and more lateral structure ( collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder)

85
Q

proximal

A

closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk (elbow is proximal to the wrist)

86
Q

distal

A

father from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk (knee is distal to the thigh)

87
Q

superficial (external)

A

toward or at the body surface (skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles)

88
Q

deep (internal)

A

away from the body surface; more internal (lungs are deep to the skin)

89
Q

cephalic

A

frontal, orbital , nasal, oral, mental (chin), otic (, occipital (back of head)

90
Q

cervical

A

neck area front and back

91
Q

thoracic

A

sternal (sternum), axillary (armpit), mammary

92
Q

upper limb

A

acromial (shoulder), brachial (arm), antcubital (inside elbow), Olecranal (elbow), antebrachial (forearm), carpal (wrist)

93
Q

manus (hand)

A

pollex (back of thumb), metacarpal (back of hand), palmar (palm), digital (fingers)

94
Q

lower limb

A

coxal (hip), femoral (thigh), patellar (knee), popliteal (back knee), crural (leg), sural (calf), fibular or peroneal (side shin)

95
Q

pelvic

A

inguinal (groin)

96
Q

pubic

A

genital

97
Q

back (dorsal)

A

scapular (back), vertebral (backbone), lumbar (support), scaral (bottom back bone), gluteal (butt), perineal (between anus and external genitalia)

98
Q

pedal (foot)

A

tarsal (ankle), calcaneal (heal), metatarsal (top foot), digital (toes), plantar (mid bottom foot), hallux (big toe)

99
Q

directional terms

A

allows us to explain where one body structure is in relation to another

100
Q

axial part

A

main axis of our body, includes head, neck, and trunk

101
Q

appendicular part

A

appendages, or limbs, which are attached to the body’s axis

102
Q

regional terms

A

used to designate specific areas with these major body divisions

103
Q

sagittal plane

A

vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts

104
Q

median plane or midsagittal plane

A

a sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline

105
Q

parasagittal plane

A

all other sagittal planes offset from the midline

106
Q

frontal planes or coronal plane

A

lie vertically, divide body into anterior and posterior parts

107
Q

transverse or horizontal plane

A

runs horizontally from right to left, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts

108
Q

cross section

A

is also a transverse section

109
Q

oblique sections

A

cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes, these sections are often confusing, seldom used

110
Q

dorsal body cavity

A

protects the fragile nervous system organs, tow subdivisions cranial cavity and the vertebral or spinal, cavity

111
Q

cranial cavity

A

in skull encases the brain

112
Q

vertebral or spinal, cavity

A

runs within the bony vertebral column, encloses the delicate spinal cord

113
Q

ventral body cavity

A

anterior and larger of the closed body cavities, two major subdivisions thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity. house internal organs collectively called the viscera or visceral organs

114
Q

thoracic cavity

A

superior subdivision, is surrounded by the ribs and muscles of chest, further subdivided into lateral pleural cavities and medial mediastinum

115
Q

pleural cavities

A

lateral each enveloping a lung

116
Q

mediastinum

A

contains the pericardial cavity encloses the heart and it surrounds the remaining thoracic organs (esophagus, trachea, and others)

117
Q

abominopelvic cavity

A

separated from the more inferior thoracic cavity by diaphragm

118
Q

diaphragm

A

dome-shaped muscle important in breathing

119
Q

abdominal cavity

A

superior portion, contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs

120
Q

pelvic cavity

A

inferior part, lies in bony pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum

121
Q

abdominopelvic organs

A

most vulnerable, walls of abdominal cavity are formed only by trunk muscles and are not reinforced by bone

122
Q

serosa or serosa membrane

A

the walls of the ventral body cavity and the outer surfaces of the organs it contains are covered by a thin, double-layered membrane

123
Q

parietal serosa

A

ventral body cavity part of the membrane lining cavity walls

124
Q

visceral serosa

A

formed by parietal serosa folds in on itself, covering the organs in the cavity

125
Q

serous fluid

A

separates serous membranes with a thin layer of lubricating fluid secreted by both membranes

126
Q

serous membranes

A

serous membranes named for the specific cavity and organs with which they are associated, when inflamed smooth surface become roughened, causes organs to stick together and drag across one another leading to excruciating pain (pleurisy and peritonitis)

127
Q

four abdominopelvic quadrants

A

transverse and median plane pass through umbilicus at right angles, resulting in four (according to subjects point of view): right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ), and left lower quadrant (LLQ)

128
Q

umbilical region

A

centermost region deep to and surrounding the umbilicus (navel)

129
Q

epigastric region

A

located superior to umbilical region

130
Q

hypogastric (pubic) region

A

located inferior to the umbilical region

131
Q

right and left iliac, or inguinal, regions

A

are located lateral to the hypogastric region

132
Q

right and left lumbar regions

A

lie lateral to umbilical region

133
Q

right and left hypochondriac regions

A

lie lateral to the epigastric region and deep to the ribs

134
Q

oral and digestive cavities

A

mouth, contains the teeth and tongue, part of and continuous with the cavity of the digestive organs which opens to the body exterior at the anus

135
Q

nasal cavity

A

located within and posterior to the nose nasal cavity is part of the respiratory system passageways

136
Q

orbital cavities

A

(orbits) in the skull house the eyes and present them in an anterior position

137
Q

middle ear cavities

A

in skull lie just medial to eardrums, contain tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors in the inner ears

138
Q

synovial cavities

A

joint cavities, enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround freely movable joints of the body (elbow and knee), membranes lining cavities secrete a lubricating fluid that reduces friction as bones move across one another.

A & P (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions