Chapter 1

Question 1

Water;

Answer 1

• said to be highly cohesive
• stick together held by hydrogen bonds (not as strong a s covalent
• most abundant compound in our body
• pH of 7: neutral

Question 2

Large molecules?

Small molecules?

Answer 2

• large- polymers
• small- monomers
• polymers are made from many monomers joining together
• forming polymers releases a water molecule (concentration reaction)

Question 3

What elements make up carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids?

Answer 3

• carbs: C H O
• lipids: C H O (large amounts of c and h but little o)
• nucleic acid: C H O N P
• protein: C H O N S

Question 4

Role of carbohydrates

Answer 4

• important as both energy storage molecules and structural elements in cell and tissue
• the structure of carbs is closely related to their functional properties
  - sugars (mono, di and poly) central role in energy storage
  - major component of most plants

Question 5

Examples of MONOsaccharides (simple sugars)

Answer 5

• glucose

- fructose

Question 6

Examples of DIsaccharides

Simple sugars

Answer 6

• sucrose

- lactose

Question 7

Examples of POLYsaccharides

complex sugars

Answer 7

• glycogen
• starch
• cellulose

Question 8

Proteins

Answer 8

• built of the subunits amino acids
• essential amino acids must be eaten
• non- essential amino acids we make
• amino acids joined together form a polypeptide, condensation reaction

Question 9

Types of protein:

Answer 9

• structural; keratin, collagen
• contractile; myosin, Actin
• immunoglobulin; antibodies
• hormone; insulin
• receptor; insulin receptor
• transport; haemoglobin

Question 10

What is proteome

Answer 10

• proteins interact and work together

- the complete array of proteins produced by a single cell or organism in a particular environment

Question 11

Lipids

Answer 11

• term for fat and oils
• relatively insoluble in water and tend to be hydrophobic
• soluble in organic solvents like ethanol
• example; fatty acids and glycerol, cholestorol

Question 12

Role of lipids;

Answer 12

• broken down to provide fuel for anaerobic respiration
• provide water proofing when waxes and oils are secreted on surfaces
• phospholipid form structural framework of cell membrane

Question 13

Phospholipid

Answer 13

• phosphate head- hydrophilic

- fatty acid tail- hydrophobic

Question 14

What are the types of Nucleic acids

Answer 14

• deoxyribonucleic acid

- ribonucleic acid

Question 15

DNA

Answer 15

• located in chromosomes in nucleus
• genetic material that contains hereditary information.
• double helix
• adenosine and thymine, cytosine and guanine
• polymer of nucleotides
• stays in the nucleus

Question 16

RNA

Answer 16

• polymer of nucleotides
• single stranded; unpaired chain of nucleotides
• adenosine and uracil, guanine and cytosine
• can leave the nucleus
• a copy of DNA
• three different types; mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

Question 17

What is mRNA, rRNA and tRNA?

Answer 17

• mRNA: carries the genetic message to ribosomes where the message is translated into a particular protein
• rRNA: together with particular proteins makes the ribosomes found in cytosol
• tRNA: molecules which carry amino acids to ribosomes where they are used to construct proteins.

Question 18

Bio macromolecules include;

Answer 18

• proteins
• carbohydrates
• lipids
• nucleic acids