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Hematology > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the average specific gravity of a blood

A

1.055

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2
Q

most critical step in hematology

A

patient identification

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3
Q

mortal sin of phlebotomist

A

mislabelling

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4
Q

parameters that increases when there is change in posture

A

lipids
proteins
enzymes

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5
Q

blood cell that increases during afternoon

A

eosinophil

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6
Q

parameters that increases during stress

A

wbc

fibrinogen

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7
Q

parameters that increases after exercise

A

wbc
platelets
CK
LDH

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8
Q

parameters that increases after meal

A

intestinal ALP

increases Hb

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9
Q

parameter that increases during smoking

A

wbc

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10
Q

used when small quantities of blood are required

A

skin puncture

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11
Q

recommended depth of skin puncture

A
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12
Q

values that are lower in capillary blood

A

rbc count
Hb count
platelet count
hematocrit

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13
Q

values are 15-20% higher compare to venous blood

A

wbc count

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14
Q

warming of the puncture site can increase the blood flow by how many times

A

7 fold

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15
Q

during skin puncture the site should be warmed using a washcloth for

A

2-5 mins at 40-42C

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16
Q

order of draw in skin puncture

A 
blood gas
smear
edta
other anticoagulant
serum
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17
Q

puncture site for infants

A

plantar surface of the heel

lateral or medial

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18
Q

puncture site for adults

A

palmar surface

distal portion

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19
Q

located at the side of the thumb

A

cephalic vein

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20
Q

located at the little finger of the hand

A

basilic vein

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21
Q

connects cephalic and basilic vein; vein of choice

A

medial cubital vein

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22
Q

effects of prolonged torniquet

A

hemoconcentration
hemolysis
shortened APTT and PTT

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23
Q

standard needle collection

A

21 gauge

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24
Q

distance of torniquet

A

3-4 inches
or
7.5-10 cm

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25
Q

most commonly encountered complication in venipuncture

A

ecchmymoses/ bruise

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26
Q

leakage of small amount of blood characterize by flat purplish discoloration of the skin

A

echhymoses

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27
Q

2nd most common encountered complications in venipuncture

A

syncope/ fainting

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28
Q

leakage of the large amount of blood characterize by purplish discoloration ( swollen and bulgy )

A

hematoma

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29
Q

it triggers asthma attack

A

ammonia inhalants

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30
Q

uses BP cuff as torniquet

A

obesity

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31
Q

venipuncture site for double masectomy patients

A

back of the hand without torniquet

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32
Q

inhibits the use of glucose by blood cells

A

antiglycolytic agent

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33
Q

example of antiglycolytic agent

A

sodium fluoride

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34
Q

color of sodium fluoride

A

gray

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35
Q

anticoagulant in gray top tube

A

potassium oxalate

K EDTA

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36
Q

use for blood glucose level determination

A

gray top

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37
Q

use for blood alcohol level determination

A

gray top

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38
Q

speed up the process of coagulation

A

clot activators

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39
Q

use for stat serum determination

A 
rep top ( plastic ) 
thrombin ( orange )
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40
Q

enzyme that converts fibrinogen into fibrin clot

A

thrombin

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41
Q

inert material that undergoes temporary change in viscosity during centrifugation process

A

separator gel/ thixotropic gel

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42
Q

color of thixotropic gel

A

gold

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43
Q

color of thrombin

A

orange

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44
Q

most common AC in hema

A

EDTA

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45
Q

optimal AC concentration of EDTA

A

1.5 mg/ ml of blood

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46
Q

action of EDTA

A

chelation of calcium

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47
Q

can be performed on blood stored at RT for 4 hrs

A

CBc and retics

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48
Q

can be determined up to 24 hrs after blood is collected in EDTA if refrigerated

A

Wbc
hematocrit
platelets

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49
Q

use for plasma chemistry determination

A

heparin

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50
Q

optimal AC concentration of heparin

A

50-20 units of blood

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51
Q

action of heparin

A

inhibits thombin

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52
Q

AC use for OFT

A

heparin

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53
Q

confirmatory test for hereditary spherocytosis

A

OFT

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54
Q

most widely used anticoagulant for plasma and whole blood chemistry test

A

lithium heparin

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55
Q

anticoagulant that causes bluish discoloration of the background on blood smears with romanowsky stain

A

heparin

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56
Q

AC not use for blood smear preparation

A

heparin

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57
Q

AC use for APTT and PT

A

3.2% sodium citrate

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58
Q

critical ration between AC and blood in light blue top

A

1:9

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59
Q

action of blue top

A

binds calcium

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60
Q

use for blood culture bec it neutralizes some antibiotics

A

SPS

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61
Q

use for blood test
HLA test
DNA test

A

ACD

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62
Q

for lead determination

A

tan top

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63
Q

use for trace elements, toxicology or nutritional chem

A

royal blue top

64
Q

use for molecular diagnostic test

A

white top

65
Q

use for westergren ER

A

black top

66
Q

ratio of Blood and anticoagulant in 3.8% sodium citrate

A

4:1

67
Q

use for blood bank test or whole blood hematology determination

A

pink top

68
Q

platelets adhere to the surface of wbc

A

platelet satellitosis

69
Q

platelet form large clumps as large as wbc

A

platelet clumping

70
Q

AC use to correct platelet clumping and satellitosis

A

3.2% sodium citrate

71
Q

angle use in blood smear prep

A

30-45

72
Q

size of blood drop use in blood smear prep

A

2-3 mm

73
Q

distance of label to the drop of blood

A

1 cm

74
Q

if the patient has polycythemia vera the angle use in blood smear prep should be

A

lowered to 25

75
Q

if the patient has anemia the angle use in blood smear prep should be

A

raised

76
Q

side to side scanning method

A

cross section- crenellation

77
Q

tail toward the end scanning method

A

longitudinal

78
Q

most preferred scanning method in blood smear prep

A

battlement

79
Q

the ideal shape of blood smear

A

finger shape

80
Q

ideal length of blood mear

A

2/3 or 3/4 length of the film slide

81
Q

methods of blood smear prep

A

two glass slide
cover slip
automated

82
Q

rarely used blood smear method; use for BM aspirate

A

cover slip technique

83
Q

blood smear prep method that has excellent wbc distribution

A

beacom’s

ehrlich method

84
Q

semi automated portable instrument that stimulates the manual spreader type technique

A

mini prep

85
Q

uses small amount of blood in blood smear prep

A

centrifugal type

86
Q

smudge cells are seen in

A

CLL

87
Q

fixative use in blood film staining

A

methanol

88
Q

stain use in blood smear

A

wright or wright giemsa stain

89
Q

buffer use in blood film stain

A

sodium phosphate

aged distilled water

90
Q

ph of sodium phospate

A

6.4-7.8

91
Q

color of the blood film macroscopically

A

pink-purple

92
Q

color of rbc in blood smear

A

orange- salmon pink

93
Q

color of wbc nuclei

A

purple- blue

94
Q

color or neutrophil cytoplasm

A

pink- tan

95
Q

color of eosinophil

A

bright orange

96
Q

used to assess distribution of cells and the appropriate evaluation for RBC

A

LPO

97
Q

use to assess red cell morphology and estimate wbc count

A

HPO

98
Q

use for platelet estimation

A

OIO

99
Q

storage of blood smear slides

A

7 days

100
Q

suggest that each of the blodd cell lineages is derived from its own unique stem cell

A

polyphyletic theory

101
Q

suggest that all blood cells are derived from single progenitor stem cell

A

monophyletic theory

102
Q

three pases of hematopoiesis

A

mesoblastic/ megalo
hepatic
medullary

103
Q

chief site of mesoblastic period

A

yolk sac

104
Q

predominat cell in mesoblastic period

A

primitive erythroblast

105
Q

chief site of hematopoiesis in medullary period

A

bone marrow

106
Q

preffered site of BM aspiration for the adults

A

posterior iliac crest

107
Q

preferred site for BM aspiration for children

A

tibia

108
Q

main sites of adult hematopoiesis

A

ribs
sternum
vertebrae
pelvis

109
Q

ratio of marrow cells to fat

A

marrow cellularity

110
Q

normocellular marrow

A

30-70% hematopoietic cells

111
Q

cells positive for alpha naphthyl acetate or alpha naphthyl butyrate

A

macrophage

112
Q

cell use for chloroacetate esterase

A

mast cells

113
Q

waterbug/ comet appearance

A

osteoblast

114
Q

largest cell in a normal bine marrow

A

megakaryocyte

115
Q

normal ME ration in adults

A

2:1-4:1

116
Q

storage for BM smears

A

10 years

117
Q

extramedullary hematopoiesis occurs in

A

liver and spleen

118
Q

size of rubriblast

A

14-20 um

119
Q

earliest stage recognizable erythroid precursos cell

A

rubriblast

120
Q

considered the last stage with nucleoli

A

prorubricyte

121
Q

large stage capable of mitosis

A

rubricyte

122
Q

first stage of hemoglobin synthesis

A

rubricyte

123
Q

stages of rbc capable of mitosis

A

rubriblast
prorubricyte
rubricyte

124
Q

it has sa skyl blue or robin egg cytoplasm

A

lymphocyte

125
Q

appearance of nucleus’ lymphocyte

A

crushed velvet

126
Q

it has a checkered board appearance of nucleus

A

rubricyte

127
Q

it has a muddy or gray cytoplasm

A

rubricyte

128
Q

last stage with nucleus

A

metarubricyte

129
Q

nucleus is extruded at this stage

A

metarubricyte

130
Q

last immature stage of rbc

A

reticulocyte

131
Q

last stage that synthesize hemoglobin

A

reticulocyte

132
Q

lifespan of retics

A

2-3 days

133
Q

young rbc containing residual RNA

A

reticulocyte

134
Q

with golgi apparatus remnants and residual mitochondria that allows continued aerobic metabolism and hemoglobin production

A

reticulocyte

135
Q

types of retics

A

shift

stress

136
Q

type of retics seen in increase rbc production

A

shift cells

137
Q

types of retics seen in severe conditions such as hemolytic anemia

A

stress retics

138
Q

other name for shift cells

A

polychromatophilic macrocytee

139
Q

other name for stress reticulocyte

A

macroreticulocyte

140
Q

size of rbc

A

6-8 um

141
Q

thickness of rbc

A

2.8 um

142
Q

lifespan of rbc

A

120 days

143
Q

number of erythrocyte produced from each rubriblast

A

16

144
Q

normal ratio of rbc to wbc

A

600:1

145
Q

normal ratio of rbc to platelets

A

15:1

146
Q

deficiency in spectrin

A

hereditary spherocytosis

147
Q

screening test for hereditary spherocytosis

A

autohemolysis

148
Q

carry the rbc antigens

A

integral proteins

149
Q

location of integral protein

A

span the entire thickness of the cell membrane

150
Q

form a skeletal support for rbc

A

peripheral proteins

151
Q

location of peripheral proteins

A

inner side of the membrane

152
Q

responsible for the shape of rbc

A

spectrin

153
Q

exposes the patient to long term radiation

A

59 Fe

154
Q

excellent for imaging

A

52 Fe

155
Q

must be produced by cyclotron

A

52 Fe

156
Q

most widely used radioisotope in clinical imaging

A

99m Tc

Hematology (1 decks)

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