Chapter 1

Question 1

Dualism

Answer 1

The belief that the mind and the body are separate entities.

Question 2

Monism

Answer 2

The belief that mind and body are one.

Question 3

Aristotle

Answer 3

Dualist) believed the heart was the center of consciousness/being.

Question 4

Hippocrates

Answer 4

Monist) father of medicine; was the first to suggest that the center of thoughts and emotions were assigned to the brain.

Question 5

Descartes

Answer 5

Modified dualist) believed that the body was a machine controlled by god. Believed in a link between thoughts and the brain.

Question 6

Galvani

Answer 6

Experimented on electrical stimulation of frog legs showing the body could be made to function without the brain controlling it.

Question 7

Müller

Answer 7

Advocated for experimentation; voiced a need to understand individual organs by exposing them to various chemicals and other stimuli.

Question 8

Flourens

Answer 8

Advocated for experimental ablation, which is the removal of certain parts of animals brains and seeing how that affected their behavior.

Question 9

Broca

Answer 9

Studied aphasia, the loss of the ability to speak, identified what he called “Broca’s Area” in the left hemisphere above the lateral fissure.

Question 10

Fritsch and Hitzig

Answer 10

Studied on dogs and found when they stimulated the right side of the dog’s brain, it affected the motor function of left body, and vice verse.

Question 11

Darwin and Wallace

Answer 11

Both advocated for common descents, natural selection, and believed variation in a species was an adaptive survival component; Wallace arrived at the conclusions first, but Darwin published before Wallace, so most of this is attributed to Darwin.

Question 12

Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies

Answer 12

Associated with Müller; asserts that while all nerves were involved in impulses, we perceived different nerve impulses differently. This means that the origin of a sensation is not important.

Question 13

Experimental ablation

Answer 13

The removal of various parts of the brain to observe the effects it had on the organism being studied.

Question 14

Lateralization of function

Answer 14

The idea that certain cognitive functions are more dominant in one hemisphere of the brain than/and not the other.

Question 15

Localization of function

Answer 15

The idea that different parts of the brain do different things.

Question 16

Common descent

Answer 16

Describes how a group of organisms share a common ancestor.

Question 17

Natural selection

Answer 17

The process by which inherited traits that confer a selective advantage become more prevalent in the population.