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Biology paper 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the equation for magnitude?

A

magnitude = size of image / size of real image

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2
Q

What cells are in both animal and plant cells?

A
  • cytoplasm
  • nucleus
  • ribosome
  • mitochondrion
  • cell membrane
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3
Q

What cells are only in plant cells?

A
  • chloroplast
  • vacuole
  • cell wall
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4
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

plant and animal cells

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5
Q

What are prokaryotic cells, what cells structures do they have?

A

bacterial cells, they contain:

  • cell membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • ribosome
  • cell wall
  • DNA loop
  • plasmid
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6
Q

What is the function of a nucleus?

A

it contain the genetic information that control the functions of the cell

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7
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

it controls what enters and leaves the cell

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8
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

where many cell activities and chemical reactions within the cell occur

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9
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

it provides energy from anaerobic respiration

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10
Q

What is the function of the ribosome?

A

synthesises(makes) protein

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11
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast?

A

its where photosynthesis occurs

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12
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole?

A

its used to store water and other chemicals such as cell sap

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13
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

it strengthens and supports the cell. (made of cellulose in plants)

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14
Q

What is the function of the DNA loop?

A

its a loop of DNA, not enclosed within a nucleus

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15
Q

What is the function of the plasmid?

A

its a small circle of DNA, may contain genes associated antibiotic resistance

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16
Q

What is magnification?

A

the degree by which an object is enlarged

17
Q

What is resolution?

A

the ability of a microscope to distinguish detail

18
Q

What is a light microscope?

A

its a basic microscope with a maximum magnification of 1500x with a low revolution

19
Q

What is an electron microscope?

A

its a microscope with a much higher magnification (up to 500,000x) and resolving power than a light microscope. This means that it can be used to study cells in much finer detail

20
Q

What is a gene?

A

its a section of DNA that carries coding for a particular type of protein

21
Q

What is diffusion?

A

the spreading out of the particles(gas/solution) resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

22
Q

What are the uses for diffusion?

A

its used for oxygen and carbon dioxide in gas exchange(leaves and alveoli). Also urea from cells into the blood plasma for excretion in the kidney

23
Q

How can the effectiveness of an exchange surface be increased?

A
  • a large surface area
  • a thin membrane to provide a short diffusion path
  • ventilation (in animals for gas exchange - maintains a concentration gradient)
  • efficient blood supply (in animals - maintains a concentration gradient)
24
Q

What is osmosis?

A

the diffusion of water from a dilute solution through a partially permeable membrane

25
Q

What are some uses of osmosis?

A

the movement of water into and out of cells

26
Q

What is active transport?

A

the movement of substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution (against a concentration gradient) . Requires energy from respiration

27
Q

What are some uses of active transport?

A

the absorption of mineral ions (low concentration) from soil into plant roots. Absorption of sugar molecules from lower concentrations in the gut into the blood which has a higher sugar concentration

28
Q

What are 6 specialized cells?

A
  • sperm cell
  • nerve cell
  • muscle cell
  • root hair cell
  • xylem cell
  • phloem cell
29
Q

What is the role of the sperm cell?

A

an acrosome that contains enzyme to break into egg; tail to swim; many mitochondria to provide energy to swim

30
Q

What is the function of the nerve cell?

A

its long to transmit electrical impulses over a distance

31
Q

What is the function of the muscle cell?

A

it contains protein fibres that can contract when energy is available, making the cells shorter

32
Q

What is the function of the root hair cell?

A

it is a long extension to increase surface area for water and mineral uptake through a thin cell wall

33
Q

What is the function of the xylem cell?

A

it has a waterproof cell wall and the cells are hollow to allow water to move up through

34
Q

What is the function of the phloem cell?

A

some of the cells have lots of mitochondria for active transport; some cells have very little cytoplasm for sugars to move through easily

35
Q

What does differentiation mean?

A

the process by which cells, tissue, and organs acquire specialized features, especially during embryonic development

Biology paper 1 (9 decks)

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