Chapter 1

Question 1

What is statistics

Answer 1

Collecting and summarizing data

Question 2

What is a population

Answer 2

The entire group to be studied

Question 3

What is a sample

Answer 3

A subset of a population

Question 4

What is descriptive statistics

Answer 4

Numerical summary of a Sample

Question 5

What is inferential statistics

Answer 5

Generalizing-Applying a sample to a population

Has an estimate of reliability

Question 6

What is a parameter

Answer 6

Numerical summary of a population

Question 7

What are the 4 steps of statistics

Answer 7

1. What is question to be answered
2. Collect data
3. Describe the data
4. Perform analysis

Question 8

What is a variable

Answer 8

A characteristic of population to be studied

Question 9

What are qualitative variables

Answer 9

Classification based on attributes

Question 10

What are quantitative variables

Answer 10

Data that can have arithmetic applied

Question 11

What is an approach

Answer 11

How you plan on solving a problem

Question 12

What are discrete variables

Answer 12

countable, finite

Question 13

what are continuous variables

Answer 13

not countable, finite

Question 14

what are the four ways to quantify data

Answer 14

nominal, ordinal, ratio, sequential

Question 15

What is a response variable

Answer 15

An outcome

Question 16

what is an explanatory variable

Answer 16

A test variable we use to explain the response variable

Question 17

What is an observation study

Answer 17

Does not try to influence the response variable

Question 18

What is an experiment

Answer 18

Applying influence to get info about a response variable

Question 19

What is confounding?

Answer 19

When there are multiple variables that can explain an outcome

Question 20

What is a lurking variable?

Answer 20

An extra variable not considered/known when conducting a study

Question 21

what can mitigate unknown variables

Answer 21

By saying the results are associated with what was studied. (Don’t make it a final conclusion)

Question 22

Compare reasons for an observational study vs experiment

Answer 22

Observational studies don’t force people to do something possibly unethical(smoking). Experimental may wish to find variables that affect something(placement of consumer items)

Question 23

What is a case-control study?

Answer 23

Individuals with similar characteristics are looked at and their records are examined as part of a study

Question 24

What is a cohort study?

Answer 24

watches a group of people over time for study

Question 25

what is a cross sectional study?

Answer 25

Looking at a group at one point in time

Question 26

what is a random sample?

Answer 26

Random individuals

Question 27

What is a stratified sample

Answer 27

Separating people into groups(male/female) then performing random sample of each group

Question 28

What is systematic sampling

Answer 28

picking a number and then using a Kth. Kth is a number added each time to choose a new individual

Question 29

What is cluster sampling?

Answer 29

Creating groups and surveying everyone from the group. (Not only a few from the group)

Question 30

What is convenience sampling

Answer 30

Individuals chosen are not random, not really reliable

Question 31

What is voluntary response

Answer 31

People volunteer for the survey

Question 32

what is multi-stage sampling

Answer 32

Using multiple sampling techniques

Question 33

Explain again difference between stratified samples and a cluster

Answer 33

Cluster takes the whole of a group whereas stratified takes a sample of the group.

Question 34

What are the two types of error?

Answer 34

Sampling and nonsampling

Question 35

What is sampling error

Answer 35

Error from generalizing sample results to a population

Question 36

what is non-sampling error?

Answer 36

Error from non-coverage or bias response

Question 37

What are two aspects of an experiment?

Answer 37

The subject and the control group.

Question 38

What makes up a control group?

Answer 38

Placebo or blind study