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physics > chapter 1 > Flashcards

chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

video 1

A

motion with acceleration- ball going up then going down

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2
Q

motion

A

change of an object’s position or orientation with time. Examples of motion are easy to list. Bicycles, baseballs, cars, airplanes, and rockets are all objects that move.

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3
Q

trajectory

A

path along which an object moves- might be a straight line/curved

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4
Q

4 basic types of motion we will study in the text

A

straight line motion ( car moving), circular motion ( cars on the track), projectile motion (atoms moving in air), rotational motion (top spinning)

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5
Q

making a motion diagram

A

-easy way to study motion- make a motion diagram- the can video

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6
Q

frame

A

each separate image of a motion diagram is called a frame figure 1.2- cars going past with the cameras in a fixed position

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7
Q

motion diagram another example

A

figure 1.3- shows an object’s position at equally spaced instants of time– motion diagram

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8
Q

examples of motion diagrams constant speed

A

images that are equally spaced- object is moving with a constant speed i.e the skateboarder on the sidewalk

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9
Q

example of motion diagram speeding up

A

An increasing distance between the images shows that the object is speeding up.
i.e the sprinter starting the 100 meter dash

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10
Q

example of a motion diagram slowing down

A

decreasing distance between the images- shows that the object is slowing down
ex) a car stopping for a red light

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11
Q

more complex motion diagrams with changes in speed and direction

A

ex) a basketball freethrow

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12
Q

operational definitions

A

constant speed, speeding up, and slowing down- how the object appears in a motion diagram
ex) concepts are defined in terms of a particular procedure/operation
physics is an experimental science

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13
Q

car example

A

b is the right answer- more space between the object means it moves further and travels at a faster distance

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14
Q

models and modeling

A

a swinging pendulum, a vibrating guitar string, a sound wave, and jiggling atoms in a crystal are all very different—yet they share a common core characteristic: Each is an example of an oscillating system, something that moves back and forth around an equilibrium position. If we focus on understanding a very simple oscillating system, such as a block (generically, a “mass”) attached to a spring, we’ll automatically understand quite a bit about the many real-world examples of oscillations.

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15
Q

modeling

A

Stripping away the details to focus on essential features

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16
Q

model

A

highly simplified picture of reality, but one that still captures the essence of what we want to study.
ex) mass attached to a spring

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17
Q

descriptive model

A

What are the essential characteristics and properties of a phenomenon? How do we describe it in the simplest possible terms? For example, the mass-on-a-spring model of an oscillating system is a descriptive model.

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18
Q

explanatory model

A

Why do things happen as they do? Explanatory models, based on the laws of physics, have predictive power. They allow us to test—against experimental data—whether a model provides an adequate explanation of our observations. For example, the charge model that we will introduce in Chapter 20 helps us explain and predict a wide range of experimental outcomes related to electric forces.

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19
Q

particle model

A

For many objects, the motion of the object as a whole is not influenced by the details of the object’s size and shape. To describe the object’s motion, all we really need to keep track of is the motion of a single point: You could imagine looking at the motion of a dot painted on the side of the object.

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20
Q

particle

A

object that can be represented as a mass at a single point

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21
Q

if we treat an object as a particle

A

If we treat an object as a particle, we can represent the object in each frame of a motion diagram as a simple dot. Figure 1.4 shows how much simpler motion diagrams appear when the object is represented as a particle. Note that the dots have been numbered 0, 1, 2, . . . to tell the sequence in which the frames were exposed. These diagrams still convey a complete understanding of the object’s motion.

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22
Q

car video

A

dot in each frame of the car show motion

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23
Q

particle model

A

allows us to see connections that are very important but that are obscured or lost by examining all the parts of an extended, real object.

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24
Q

figure 1.5- the particle model for two falling objects

A

As we will see, all objects falling under the influence of gravity move in exactly the same manner if no other forces act. The simplification of the particle model has revealed something about the physics that underlies both of these situations.
falling rock and a diver have the same motion diagram

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25
Q

stop to think 1.2

A

c) ball dropped, dust particle and rocket landing

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26
Q

1.3 position and time: putting numbers on nature -si units

A

mass- kg, distances- meters

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27
Q

1 kg

A

2 lbs

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28
Q

1 meter

A

1 yard- 3 feet use flashcards

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29
Q

speed

A

distance traveled in a given time interval/time interval- speed of an object in uniform motion

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30
Q

eye question

A

v= 0.01 m/ 0.1 s= 0.1 m/s

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31
Q

analyzing motion

A

useful to know where the object is ( position) and when that object was at the position ( the time)

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32
Q

examples of 1d motion

A

car moving on a road, airplane going down a runway and an elevator moving

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33
Q

position

A

your location at a particular instant in time- ex) friend calling need 3 pieces of info- reference point,

34
Q

origin

A

fixed reference point- how far you are- describing your position

35
Q

coordinate system

A

These elements—an origin and an axis marked in both the positive and negative directions—can be used to unambiguously locate the position of an object. We call this a coordinate system. We will use coordinate systems throughout this text, and we will soon develop coordinate systems that can be used to describe the positions of objects moving in more complex ways than just along a line. Figure 1.7 shows a coordinate system that we can use to locate various objects along the country road discussed earlier.
ex) cow and car moving from the origin (post office) in positive/negative direction

36
Q

coordinate

A

cow is at x=-5

37
Q

x

A

represents motion- sprinter running

38
Q

one dimensional motion

A

rock falling, skiier skiing

39
Q

time

A

to fully describe motion need time- displacement

40
Q

displacement

A

change of position- sam 150 to 50- displacement is 100

41
Q

delta x

A

change in position- could be positive/negative dont forget

42
Q

time intervals

A

changes in time and position- always positive never forget

43
Q

uniform motion

A

object moving at a constant speed-neither speeding up or slowing down

44
Q

delta x

A

the same between successive frames- uniform motion is equally spaced

45
Q

speed

A

distance traveled/ time interval

46
Q

velocity (moving object) (v)- average velocity

A

displacement/ time interval

47
Q

velocity definition

A

speed and direction of an object- bicycle question

CAN BE POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE

48
Q

speed

A

always positive

49
Q

sigfig rules 1

A

When you multiply or divide several numbers, or when you take roots, the number of significant figures in the answer should match the number of significant figures of the least precisely known number used in the calculation- lower of the two (multiplication)

50
Q

sigfig rule 2

A

When you add or subtract several numbers, the number of decimal places in the answer should match the smallest number of decimal places of any number used in the calculation
18.54+106.6=125.1

51
Q

Exact numbers

A

have no uncertainty and when used in calcs- don’t change the # of sig figs of measured numbers d=2r 2 is one and pi is another

52
Q

There is one notable exception to these rules:

A

It is acceptable to keep one or two extra digits during intermediate steps of a calculation to minimize round-off errors in the calculation. But the final answer must be reported with the proper number of significant figures.

53
Q

A one-significant-figure estimate or calculation, such as this estimate of speed

A

order-of-magnitude estimate (squiggle)

54
Q

1 mile

A

5280 ft

55
Q

1 hour

A

60 minutes

56
Q

1 minute

A

60 seconds

57
Q

ordering zeros

A

dont forget that leading zeros arent significant but trailing zeros are significant

58
Q

scalar quantity

A

physical quantity is described by a single number (with a unit)

59
Q

scalar

A

positive, negative or zero

ex) mass of an object can be 6kg and the temperature could be 30 degrees

60
Q

more examples of scalars

A

Time, temperature, and mass are all scalar quantities. To specify the current time, the temperature outside, or your mass, we need only a single number.

61
Q

vector

A

Many other quantities, however, have a directional quality and cannot be described by a single number. To describe the motion of a car, for example, you must specify not only how fast it is moving, but also the direction in which it is moving

62
Q

vector quantity

A

is a quantity that has both a size (How far? or How fast?) and a direction (Which way?)

63
Q

size or length of a vector

A

magnitude- The magnitude of a vector can be positive or zero, but it cannot be negative.

64
Q

examples of vectors from the book

A

The velocity of the race car is a vector- To fully specify a velocity, we need to give its magnitude (e.g., 120 mph) and its direction (e.g., west)

65
Q

example 2 from the book

A

The force with which the boy pushes on his friend is another example of a vector. To completely specify this force, we must know not only how hard he pushes (the magnitude) but also in which direction.

66
Q

r arrow and a arrow

A

symbols for vector- vector has an r arrow has an r-handwritten work

67
Q

r and a

A

symbols for scalars

68
Q

displacement vector

A

Since displacement is a quantity that has both a magnitude (How far?) and a direction, it can be represented by a vector,
For motion along a line, we found in Section 1.3 that the displacement is a quantity that specifies not only how far an object moves but also the direction—to the left or to the right—that the object moves.

69
Q

An object’s displacement vector is drawn from the object’s initial position to its final position, regardless of the actual path followed between these two points.

A
70
Q

vector sum

A

you can add vectors - draw a then b and add them together- tactics box1.4

71
Q

pythagorean theorem

A

H= square root of a^2+o^2

72
Q

sin theta

A

o/h

73
Q

cos theta

A

a/h

74
Q

tan theta

A

o/a

75
Q

opposite

A

H sin theta

76
Q

adjacent

A

h cos theta

77
Q

figure 1.25

A

analyzing annas motion example- do another like this

78
Q

velocity vectors

A

a basic quantity describing the motion of an object is its velocity

79
Q

velocity

A

vector quantity because its specification involves how fast an object is moving

80
Q

v arrow

A

points in the direction of the object’s motion and whose magnitude is the object’s speed

81
Q

finding distance

A

square root distances

physics (10 decks)

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