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Anantomy & Physiology I > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Human Anatomy

A

The study of internal and external body structures and their relationships among other body parts.

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2
Q

Define Human Physiology

A

The study of how the body functions and of the work that cells must do to keep the body stable and operating efficiently.

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3
Q

Cells

A

Basic unit of life
Smallest unit that can carry out the functions of life
What all organisms are composed of

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4
Q

What are the necessary functions required to maintain life?

A 
Maintaining boundaries
Movement
Responsiveness
Digestion 
Metabolism 
Excretion
Reproduction 
Growth
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5
Q

Chemicals

A

Substances with unique molecular composition that are used in or produced by chem

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6
Q

What does Maintaining Boundaries mean?

A

Separation between external and internal environments must exist.
Examples include: Plasma membranes separate cells or skin separates organism from environment.

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7
Q

What does responsiveness or irritability mean?

A

Sensing and reacting to changes or stimuli in environment.
Examples include: withdrawal reflex to prevent injury or control of breathing rate which must change in response to different activities.

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8
Q

What does Digestion mean?

A

The breakdown of ingested foods followed by the absorption of simple molecules into the blood.

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9
Q

What does metabolism mean ?

A

Chemical reactions that occur within the human body.are collectively known as this.

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10
Q

What does Movement include ?

A

Entire organism, individual cells within organism, materials within or in between cells or organisms, and the muscular system allows this.

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11
Q

What is Excretion?

A

The elimination of potentially harmful waste products created by metabolic processes. Urea (From breakdown of proteins), Carbon Dioxide (from metabolism), Feces (unabsorbed food).

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12
Q

What does growth mean and what are its two forms?

A

That building outweighs the breakdown processes, includes two forms: 1. May lead to an increase in the size of individual cells. 2. May lead to an increase in the number of cells.

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13
Q

When does Reproduction occur?

A

Individual cells during growth and to replace damaged or old cells. Organism itself.

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14
Q

List the levels of structural organization in order from smallest to largest.

A 
Chemical 
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
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15
Q

Describe the Chemical Level.

A

Smallest level; foundation for each successive level; ranges from tiny atoms to complex chemical structures (molecules) composed of thousands of atoms.

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16
Q

Describe the Cellular Level.

A

Groups of many different types of molecules combined in specific ways to form cellular structures.

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17
Q

Describe the Tissue Level.

A

At this level two or more cell types cooperate to perform a common function. Consists of two components: cells and the surrounding extracellular matrix. Varies from membrane sheets that cover body cavities to irregularly shaped cartilage found in the nose.

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18
Q

Describe the Organ Level.

A

Two of more tissues combined to form this. Which performs a specialized task.

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19
Q

Describe the Organ Systems Level.

A

The body’s organs are grouped into this level, which consists of two or more organs that together carry out a broad function in the body.

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20
Q

How many organ systems are in the human body?

A

11

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21
Q

Describe the Organism Level.

A

The organ systems function together to make up this level.

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22
Q

List the Organ Systems of the human body.

A 
Integumentary System
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Nervous System 
Endocrine System
Cardiovascular System
Lymphatic System
Respiratory System
Digestive System 
Urinary System 
Reproduction System (male and female)
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23
Q

Describe the Integumentary System.

A

This system includes: Hair, Skin and Nails.
This systems function is: Protect the body from external environment, produces vitamin D, retain water and regulate body temperature.

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24
Q

Describe the Skeletal System.

A

This system includes: Bones and Joints.
This systems function is: Support the body, protect internal organs, provide leverage for movement, produce blood cells, and store calcium salts.

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25
Q

Describe the Muscular System.

A

This system includes: Skeletal muscles.

This systems function is: produce movement, control body openings and generate heat.

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26
Q

Describe the Nervous System.

A

This system includes: Brain, spinal cord and nerves.
This systems function is: regulate body functions, provide for sensation, movement, automatic functions and higher mental functions via nerve impulses.

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27
Q

Describe the Endocrine System.

A

This system includes: Pineal gland, hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus gland, and renal gland, pancreas, testes, ovaries.
This systems function is: regulates body functions, regulates the functions of glands, muscles and other tissues through the secretion of chemicals called hormones.

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28
Q

Describe the Cardiovascular System.

A

This system includes: Blood vessels and heart.
This systems function is: pumps an delivers oxygen-poor blood to the lungs and oxygen-rich blood to the tissues. Removes wastes from the tissues. Transports cells, nutrients and other substances.

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29
Q

Describe the Lymphatic System.

A

This system includes: Tonsils, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen and lymphatic vessels.
This systems function is: returns excess tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system, provides immunity (protecting from disease).

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30
Q

Describe the Respiratory System.

A

This system includes: Nasal cavity, Pharynx, Larynx, trachea and lungs.
This systems function is: delivers oxygen to blood, removes carbon dioxide from the body, maintains the acid based balance of the blood.

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31
Q

Describe the Digestive System.

A

This system includes: Mouth, salivary gland, esophagus, liver, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, large intestine and small intestines.
This systems function is: digest food, absorb nutrients into blood, removes food wastes, maintains fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance.

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32
Q

Describe the Urinary System.

A

This system includes: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra.
This systems function is: Removes metabolic waste from the blood, maintains fluid, electrolyte and acid-base balance and stimulates blood cell production.

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33
Q

Describe the Male Reproductive System.

A

This system includes: prostate gland, ductus deferents, testis and penis.
This systems functions is: produce and transport sperm, secrete hormones and sexual function.

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34
Q

Describe the Female Reproductive System.

A

This system includes: Mammary glands, uterine tube, ovary, uterus and vagina.
This systems function is: produces and transports oocytes (eggs), site of fetal development, fetal nourishment, child birth and lactation, secretes hormones and sexual function.

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35
Q

Define Systemic Anatomy.

A

Examines human body by individual organ systems.

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36
Q

Define Regional Anatomy.

A

Divides body into regions of study (such as head and neck)

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37
Q

Define Surface Anatomy.

A

Studies surface markings on the body.

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38
Q

Define Gross Anatomy.

A

Examines structures that can be seen with and unaided eye.

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39
Q

Define Microscopic Anatomy.

A

Studies structures that can only be seen with the aide of a microscope, includes histology and cytology.

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40
Q

Define Histology.

A

The study of tissues.

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41
Q

Define Cytology.

A

The study of cells.

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42
Q

Define Developmental Anatomy.

A

Studies anatomical and physiological development throughout life.

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43
Q

Define Anatomical Position.

A

Common frame of reference in which all body parts and regions are described to be : body standing upright, feet shoulder width apart with upper limbs at sides of trunk and head and palms facing forward. Body is always referred to as if it is in this position even if its in another. Right and left are always used to describe body of patient not yourself.

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44
Q

Meaning of Anterior (ventral)

A

Toward the front

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45
Q

The esophagus is _______ to the spinal cord.

A

Anterior

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46
Q

Meaning of Posterior (dorsal)

A

Toward the back

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47
Q

The spinal cord is _____ to the esophagus.

A

Posterior

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48
Q

Meaning of Superior (cranial)

A

Toward the head

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49
Q

The neck is _______ superior to the chest.

A

Superior

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50
Q

Meaning of Inferior (caudal)

A

Toward the tail

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51
Q

The nose is ______ to the forehead.

A

Inferior

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52
Q

Meaning of proximal

A

Closer to the point of origin

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53
Q

The knee is ______ to the ankle.

A

Proximal

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54
Q

Meaning of Distal

A

Farther away from the point of origin

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55
Q

The foot is ______ to the hip.

A

Distal

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56
Q

Meaning of Medial

A

Closer to the midline of the body or a body part; on the inner side of.

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57
Q

The ear is ______ to the shoulder.

A

Medial

58
Q

Meaning of lateral

A

Farther away from the midline of the body or body part; on the outer side of.

59
Q

The thumb is ______ to the index finger.

A

Lateral

60
Q

Meaning of superficial

A

Closer to the surface.

61
Q

The skin is ______ to the muscle.

A

Superficial

62
Q

Meaning of Deep

A

Farther below the surface.

63
Q

Bone is ____ to muscle.

A

Deep.

64
Q

The abdominal region includes

A

The abdomen

65
Q

The Cervical region includes

A

The neck.

66
Q

The gluteal region includes

A

The buttocks

67
Q

The inguinal region includes

A

The groin

68
Q

The lumber region includes

A

The lower back

69
Q

The palmar region includes

A

The palm.

70
Q

The pelvic region includes

A

The pelvis.

71
Q

The pubic region includes

A

The pubis

72
Q

The sacral region includes

A

The sacrum

73
Q

The sternal region includes

A

The sternum

74
Q

The thoracic region includes

A

The chest

75
Q

The vertebral region includes

A

The spinal cord.

76
Q

The buccal region includes

A

The cheek

77
Q

The cranial region includes

A

The skull

78
Q

The cephalic region includes

A

The head

79
Q

The frontal region includes

A

The forehead

80
Q

The mental region includes

A

The Chin

81
Q

The Nasal region includes

A

The nose

82
Q

The occipital region includes

A

The back of the head

83
Q

The ocular region includes

A

The eye

84
Q

The oral region includes

A

The mouth

85
Q

The optic region includes

A

The ear

86
Q

The Acromial region includes

A

The point of the shoulder

87
Q

The Antebrachial region includes

A

The forearm

88
Q

The Antecubital region includes

A

The anterior surface of the elbow

89
Q

The axillary region includes

A

The armpit

90
Q

The brachial region

A

The arm

91
Q

The carpal region

A

The wrist

92
Q

The digital region

A

The fingers or toes

93
Q

The manual region

A

The hand

94
Q

The metacarpal region includes

A

The bones of the hands

95
Q

The Pollex region includes

A

The thumb

96
Q

The Coxal region includes

A

The hip

97
Q

The crural region includes

A

The anterior surface of the leg

98
Q

The femoral region includes

A

The thigh

99
Q

The Hallux region includes

A

The great toe

100
Q

The metatarsal region includes

A

The bones of the foot

101
Q

The patellar region includes

A

The anterior surface of the knee

102
Q

The pedal region includes

A

The foot

103
Q

The plantar region includes

A

The sole of the foot

104
Q

The popliteal region includes

A

The posterior surface of the knee

105
Q

The sural region includes

A

The posterior surface of the leg

106
Q

The tarsal region includes

A

The ankle

107
Q

What are the two main broad regions of the body?

A

The axial region and the appendicular region.

108
Q

What is included in the axial region?

A

The neck, head and chest.

109
Q

What is included in the appendicular region of the body?

A

The upper and lower appendages.

110
Q

Name the primary planes of section.

A

Sagittarius Plane, Frontal Plane (coronal plane), Transverse plane (horizontal plane) and the oblique plane.

111
Q

Describe the Sagittal plane.

A

Divides the body into or body parts into right and left sections.

112
Q

What are the two variations included within the sagittal plane

A

The midsagittal plane and the parasagittal plane.

113
Q

Describe the midsagittal plane.

A

Divides the body or body parts into equal left and right sections.

114
Q

Describe the parasagittal plane.

A

Divides the body or body parts into unequal left and right sections.

115
Q

Describe the frontal plane (coronal plane)

A

Divides the body or body parts into anterior or posterior sections.

116
Q

Describe the transverse plane

A

Divides the body or body part into superior or inferior sections, or proximal and distal sections when describing structures off the appendicular region.

117
Q

Describe the oblique plane

A

A less standardized plane; is taken at an angle and is useful for examining structures that are difficult to examine using only the three primary planes of section.

118
Q

Define a cavity.

A

Any fluid filled space within the body; protects internal organs and allows them to move and expand as necessary to perform their functions.

119
Q

List the two major body cavities.

A

The dorsal body cavity and the ventral body cavity.

120
Q

Describe the dorsal (posterior) body cavity

A

Largely located on the posterior side of the body, is subdivided into two cavities which include the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity. The two cavities are continuous and filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which bathes and protects both the brain and spinal cord.

121
Q

Name where the Cranial cavity is located and its function.

A

Located within the skull

Protects the brain

122
Q

Name where the Vertebral cavity is located and its function

A

Located within the vertebral column

Protects the spinal cord.

123
Q

Describe the ventral (anterior) body cavity.

A

Separated into two divisions by the diaphragm, the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

124
Q

Describe the thoracic cavity

A

It is divided into three smaller sections which include the pleural cavity, mediastinum and the pericardial cavity.

125
Q

Where are the pleural cavities found?

A

Surrounding either the left or right lung

126
Q

Where is the mediastinum found and what does it house?

A

Between the pleural cavities, houses the heart, great vessels, trachea and esophagus, but is not located within a serous membrane.

127
Q

Where is the pericardial cavity located and what does is surround?

A

Found within the mediastinum, is within a serous membrane that surrounds the heart.

128
Q

What is the abdominopelvic cavity subdivided into?

A

The superior abdominal cavity, which spans from the diaphragm to the pony pelvis, and the pelvic cavity, which is the area within the bony pelvis.

129
Q

What does the pelvic cavity contain?

A

Organs from several systems including the digestive, lymphatic, reproductive and urinary,

130
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity ?

A

An abdominal sub cavity found within a serous membrane.

131
Q

List the 4 quadrants that the abdominal pelvic cavity can be divided up into.

A

Left upper Quadrant
Left lower Quadrant
Right upper Quadrant
Left lower Quadrant

132
Q

List the 9 regions that the abdominopelvic cavity can be divided up into.

A 
Right Hpochondriac Region 
Left Hypochondriac Region 
Epigastric Region
Right Lumbar Region 
Left Lumbar Region 
Umbilical Region 
Right Iliac Region (inguinal)
Left Iliac Region (inguinal)
Hypogastric Region
133
Q

Describe a serous membrane

A

Formed by thin sheets of tissue that fold over themselves to create a continuous double-layer structure with space between their layers. They can form certain cavities found in the ventral cavity and surround the heart, lungs, and many abdominal organs.

134
Q

What is serious fluid?

A

Fluid within a cavity between 2 membrane layers; extremely thin layer of fluid, produced by cells membrane, prevents movement of organs.

135
Q

What is located in the Right Hypochondriac Region?

A

Liver and gallbladder

136
Q

What is located in the Left Hypochondriac Region?

A

Diaphragm and spleen

137
Q

What is located in the Epigastric Region?

A

Stomach

138
Q

What is located in the Right Lumbar Region?

A

Ascending colon of large intestines

139
Q

What is located in the Left Lumbar Region?

A

Descending colon of large intestines.

140
Q

What is located in the Umbilical Region?

A

Small intestines and transverse colon of large intestines

Anantomy & Physiology I (1 decks)

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