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Microbiology > Chapter 1 Study Guide > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What are the steps in animal virus replication and what happens in each step

A

Attachment - to host cell by the tail fibers

Entry - Lysozyme is released to weaken cell wall, and DNA is injected. Host DNA disassembled

Synthesis - Various parts of the virus are made

Assembly - The parts of the virus are put together

Release - Newly assembled virions are released from the cell as lysozyme completes its work on the cell wall and the bacterium disintegrates

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2
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA

A

DNA = AT CG

RNA = AU CG

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3
Q

List and describe the 4 types of lipids

A

Fats (triglycerides) - Contain lots of energy. Saturated fat is solid at room temperature.

Phospholipids - Found in cell membrane. Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail. One saturated and one unsaturated tail

Waxes - Cell wall. Hard to penetrate shell.

Steroids - Cholesterol, testosterone. Found in cell membrane.

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4
Q

When would you do an acid-fast stain

A

The acid-fast stain is another important differential stain because it stains cells of the genera Mycobacterium and Nocardia, which cause many human diseases, including tuberculosis, leprosy, and other lung and skin infections

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5
Q

What are examples of prokaryotic cells/organisms

A

Bacteria and archaea

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6
Q

What is a viral envelope

A

All viruses lack cell membranes (after all, they are not cells), but some, particularly animal viruses, have an envelope similar in composition to a cell membrane surrounding their capsids

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7
Q

What is the typical resolution of a modern microscope

A

0.2 micrometer

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8
Q

What are the three parts of the flagella and what do they do

A
  1. Filament - long tail portion
  2. Hook - rotates clockwise or counterclockwise to control direction
  3. Basal body - Attaches flagella to the cell
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9
Q

What did Pasteur’s experiments with the “swan-necked flasks” demonstrate? Explain the procedure.

A

They disproved spontaneous generation. Flasks (and contents) were boiled and necks bent so that only air could reach the specimen (not dust). No growth appeared - liquid did not turn “cloudy”.

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10
Q

What type of bonds hold NAG and NAM together, and what in turn holds the chains of NAG and NAM together?

A

Covalent bonds hold NAG and NAM together. Chains of NAG and NAM are attached to other NAG-NAM chains by crossbridges of four amino acids (tetrapeptides) between neighboring NAMs.

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11
Q

What is LPS

A

Lipopolysaccharide. LPS is a union of lipid with sugar. The lipid portion of LPS, known as lipid A, can be toxic. Dead Gram-negative cells release lipid A when the outer membrane disintegrates. This is medically important because lipid A may trigger fever, vasodilation, inflammation, shock, and blood clotting in humans.

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12
Q

What are the different arrangements of cocci

A

Diplococci: Pairs

Streptococci: Chains

Tetrads: Packs of Four

Sarcinae: Cuboidal

Staphylococci: “Grape-like” clusters

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13
Q

What process links together two monosaccharides, and what is the resulting molecule called

A

Dehydration synthesis forms a disaccharide

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14
Q

What is an inclusion and where are they found

A

Found in the cytoplasm of bacteria. They are things that “may or may not” be present, such as something being stored for later usage.

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15
Q

What is the structure of a bacteriophage / What parts does it have

A

Head, collar, tail sheath, baseplate, spikes, tail fiber

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16
Q

What are the steps of an endospore stain and what is the end result

A
  1. Primary Stain: Malachite green (Must be heated for 15 minutes first)
  2. Counterstain: Safranin

End result: Spores are green, cell is pink

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17
Q

What are the different arrangements of flagella

A

Peritrichous = all around the cell

Single polar

Tuft of polar flagella

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18
Q

What are units of measurement from meter downward

A

Meter (1) > Decimeter (0.1) > Centimeter (0.01) > Millimeter (0.001) > Micrometer (0.000001) > Nanometer (0.000000001)

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19
Q

What is binomial nomenclature

A

The specific name of a species. The genus name is always a noun, and it is written first and capitalized. The specific epithet always contains only lowercase letters and is usually an adjective.

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20
Q

What is an amino acid

A

Amino group (-NH2) + hydrogen atom + carboxyl group (-COOH)

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21
Q

What is a bacteriophage

A

A virus that inserts its DNA into a bacterium

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22
Q

What is the structure of taxonomy starting with the largest group

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

(Dear King Philip, Come Over For Good Spaghetti!)

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23
Q

What microbes would you look for with an endospore stain

A

Some bacteria—notably those of the genera Bacillus and Clostridium, which contain species that cause such diseases as anthrax, gangrene, and tetanus—produce endospores.

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24
Q

What is the monomer of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides

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25
Q

What is a nucleoid

A

The cytosol of prokaryotes contains the cell’s DNA in a region called the nucleoid

26
Q

What are the shapes capsids can take

A

Helical, polyhedral, and complex

27
Q

What is the composition of peptidoglycan

A

Peptidoglycan in turn is composed of two types of regularly alternating sugar molecules, called N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM), which are structurally similar to glucose

28
Q

What are the steps of an acid fast stain and what is the end result

A
  1. Primary Stain: Carbolfuchsin
  2. Decolorize: Alcohol/Acid
  3. Counter Stain: Methylene Blue

End result: Acid Fast+ is pink, Acid Fast- is blue

29
Q

What is peptidoglycan

A

Bacterial cell walls are composed of peptidoglycan, a meshlike complex polysaccharide

30
Q

What are the three major categories of stains

A

Simple stain, differential stain, specialty stains

31
Q

What is an endospore and why does a cell form an endospore?

A

Found in bacteria. The cell copies it’s DNA and surrounds it with a hard shell. The endospore can survive indefinitely while waiting for favorable conditions to emerge.

32
Q

What are examples of eukaryotic cells/organisms

A

Fungi, Protozoa, Algae

33
Q

What are spirochete flagella called and how are they different from other flagella

A

Endoflagella - they wrap around the body of the cell

34
Q

What type of bond holds amino acids together

A

The covalent bonds that hold amino acids together are referred to as PEPTIDE BONDS

35
Q

What macromolecule is the main component in a glycocalyx

A

Glycocalyx may be composed of polysaccharides, polypeptides, or both

36
Q

What are the types of active transport

A

Uniport - moves one direction only

Antiport - moves both directions

Coupled transport - Symport (cotransport) one direction and uniport the other

Group translocation - Transports and phosphorylates (PO4) (Glucose –> Glucose 6-PO4)

37
Q

What are capsomers

A

Subunits of the capsid (in a virus)

38
Q

What is a pilus

A

The cell grows a “bridge” (a hollow tube) and uses it to transfer its DNA

39
Q

For the following types of organisms know whether they are eukaryotic or prokaryotic, single celled or multi-cellular and do they reproduce sexually or asexually: bacteria, fungi, protozoa, algae

A

Bacteria - Prokaryotic, single-celled (found in groups of single-cells), asexual reproduction

Fungi - Eukaryotic, usually multi-cellular, sexual or asexual via spores

Protozoa - Eukaryotic, single-called, most are asexual

Algae - Eukaryotic, uni- or multi-cellular, most both sexual and asexual

40
Q

What is a prion and what are diseases caused by prions called

A

Prion is a protein-based virus that causes a-helices to fold like b-pleated sheets.

Called spongiform encephalopathies due to its spongy appearance.

Examples are mad cow disease and chronic wasting disease.

41
Q

What is glycocalyx

A

A gelatinous, sticky substance that surrounds the outside of the cell

42
Q

What is a biofilm

A

Three-dimensional slimy masses of microbes adhering to a substrate and to one another by means of fimbriae and glycocalyces

43
Q

What is a capsid

A

A protein coat surrounding a virus. Inside is DNA.

44
Q

What are the layers of the gram-positive and gram-negative cell walls?

A

Gram-positive: Thick cell wall (peptidoglycan ~30 sheets), Lipoteichoic acids in cell wall

Gram-negative: Thin cell wall (1-2 sheets), outer membrane (inner and outer leaflet), periplasmic space

45
Q

What is the main component in bacterial cytoplasmic membranes

A

Phospholipids and associated proteins. Some bacterial membranes also contain sterol-like molecules, called hopanoids, that help stabilize the membrane.

46
Q

What are the three main components of a nucleotide

A

(1) phosphate (PO4 3-)
(2) a pentose sugar, either deoxyribose or ribose
(3) one of five cyclic (ring-shaped) nitrogenous bases (ATCG or AUCG)

47
Q

What are the different morphologies of prokaryotic cells

A

The three basic shapes are: coccus (roughly spherical), bacillus (rod shaped), and spiral

Also: vibrios (curved rod), pleomorphic (vary in size and shape)

48
Q

What is taxonomy

A

The science of classifying and naming organisms

49
Q

What does the mordant do in a gram stain

A

Iodine is a mordant, a substance that binds to a dye and makes it less soluble. After this step, all cells remain purple.

50
Q

Where would you find inner and outer leaflets and what are they composed of

A

Gram-negative cells. Inner leaflet is phospholipids. Outer leaflet is LPS and Sugar (O-polysaccharide)

51
Q

What are the different arrangements of bacilli

A

Diplobacilli: Pairs

Streptobacilli: Chains

Coccobacilli: Short and stumpy

Palisades: “Picket fence”-ish

52
Q

What is the term for a virus that does not have an envelope

A

Nonenveloped or naked virion

53
Q

What are the steps of a gram stain and what is the final result

A
  1. Primary Stain: Crystal violet
  2. Mordant: Iodine
  3. Decolorization: Alcohol/Acetone
  4. Counter Stain: Safranin

End result: Gram+ is purple, Gram- is pink

54
Q

What are the primary functions of proteins

A
  • Structure
  • Enzymatic catalyst
  • Regulation
  • Transportation
  • Defense and offense (incl. antibodies)
55
Q

What structure is responsible for bacteria movement

A

Flagella

56
Q

What is spirochete

A

Spiral-shaped bacteria

57
Q

What is a viroid and what do they infect

A

RNA-only viruses that infect plants. Cause stunted growth.

58
Q

How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ

A

Prokaryotic cells lack nuclei

Eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus composed of genetic material surrounded by a distinct membrane

59
Q

Where/how do viruses get their envelope

A

From the host cell. It is actually a part of the host cell’s envelope.

60
Q

What are fimbriae

A

Bristle-like structures, shorter than flagella. Used for attachment.

61
Q

What are the two types of glycocalyces

A
  • Capsule (wax capsule)

- Slime layer (mucous)

Microbiology (6 decks)

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