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Molecular & Cellular Biology > Chapter 1 Study Of Life > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Study Of Life Flashcards

1
Q

Biology

A

Study of living organisms

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2
Q

All living organisms share five fundamental characteristics:

A

Cells, Replication, Information, Energy, Evolution

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3
Q

Theory

A

Explanation for a very general class of phenomena or observations supported by wide body of evidence

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4
Q

Three theories form framework for modern biological science:

A

Cell theory, theory of evolution by natural selection, and chromosome theory of inheritance

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5
Q

Robert Hooke

A

Observed small compartments invisible to the naked eye, termed them cells. Devised microscope with 30X magnification

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6
Q

Anton van Leewenhoek

A

Device microscope with 300 X magnification, observed single cell organisms “ animalcules”

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7
Q

Cells

A

Are highly organized compartments, separated from their environment by membrane barrier

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8
Q

 first part of cell theory:

A

All organisms are made up of cells, all cells come from pre-existing cells.

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9
Q

Theory

A

Refers to explanations for broad patterns

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10
Q

Hypothesis

A

Testable statement that explains something observed

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11
Q

Experiment

A

Allows researchers to test affect of factor on particular phenomenon

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12
Q

Prediction

A

A measurable or observable results, must be correct if hypothesis is valid

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13
Q

All cells from cells explanation was a hypothesis:

A

Cells are produced when pre-existing cells grow and divide

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14
Q

Spontaneous generation was an alternative hypothesis

A

The belief that organisms could arise spontaneously under certain conditions

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15
Q

Louis pastures hypothesis

A

Cells arise from cells, cells do not arise by spontaneous generation

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16
Q

Louis pastors experiments:

A

Two glass flasks, both flasks had nutrient broth. One flask had swan neck open to the air and the other flask had straight neck. Concluded that all cells from cells hypothesis was correct

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17
Q

As predicted by the cell theory:

A

All cells present in multicellular organism have descended from pre-existing cells, they are connected by common lineage

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18
Q

Evidence now shows that life arose from nonlife early in earths history by process of

A

Chemical evolution

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19
Q

Chromosomeal theory of inheritance was proposed by:

A

Sutton and Boveri

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20
Q

Hereditary or genetic information is encoded in:

A

Genes

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21
Q

Genes are units located on

A

Chromosomes

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22
Q

Chromosomes are molecules of:

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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23
Q

Genes are:

A

Segments of DNA that code for cell products

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24
Q

Double helix:

A

Each strand is made up of four building blocks: A, T, C, G

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25
Q

DNA carries or encodes:

A

Information needed for an organisms growth and reproduction

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26
Q

James Watson and Francis Crick proposed that:

A

DNA is double-stranded helix

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27
Q

Original gene plus a backbone copy equals

A

Many Hydro bonds, which is stable

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28
Q

The two strands of double helix are joined by interactions between pairs of

A

Bases

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29
Q

DNA is a double helix, the backbone & original pair is:

A

A sugar phosphate

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30
Q

DNA is a double helix, RNA is:

A

A sugar ribone

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31
Q

The central dogma

A

Describes flow of information in cells

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32
Q

Dogma means

A

Framework for understanding

33
Q

DNA codes for ________ which codes for ________

A

RNA, proteins

34
Q

RNA:

A

Molecules that carry out specialized functions in cells

35
Q

Messenger RNA is read to make:

A

Proteins

36
Q

Proteins:

A

Crucial to tasks required by cells, forms structural components to promote chemical reactions

37
Q

DNA is copied to pass __________ from cell to cell or from one organism to its offspring

A

Genetic information

38
Q

Copying DNA is highly accurate But what happens when a mistake is made?

A

DNA sequence changes may lead to changes in proteins (mutation)

39
Q

DNA sequence changes lead to _______ the underlie ________ of life

A

Heritable variations, diversity

40
Q

_________ That take place inside cells require _______

A

Chemical reactions, energy

41
Q

Organisms have two fundamental nutritional needs:

A
  1. Acquiring chemical Energy and form of ATP.

2. Molecules that can be used as building blocks to make DNA, RNA, proteins, etc.

42
Q

How organisms require energy is central to

A

Diversification of life

43
Q

Plants and bacteria:

A

Can produce sugar using energy from sunlight, use sugar to make ATP or story and energy rich molecules, can use molecules absorbed by environment as food.

44
Q

What is evolution?

A

Darwin and Wallace made two claims regarding natural world: species are related by common ancestry

45
Q

Darwin called characteristics of species that can be modified from generation to generation what name?

A

Descent with modification

46
Q

Evolution:

A

Change in characteristics of population overtime, species are related to one another and can change through time

47
Q

Population:

A

Group of individuals of the same species, living in the same area at the same time

48
Q

______________ Explains how evolution occurs

A

Natural selection

49
Q

Two conditions must be met for a natural selection to occur in a population:

A
  1. Individuals must Varian characteristics that are heritable, can be passed onto offspring
  2. In particular environment, certain versions of these heritable traits help individuals reproduce more than other versions
50
Q

Natural selection acts on:

A

Individuals

51
Q

Revolutionary change occurs in:

A

Populations

52
Q

________ occurs when populations ________ to form a new species

A

Speciation, diverge

53
Q

Fitness is the:

A

Ability of individual to produce offspring,

Individuals with high fitness produce many more surviving offspring then do others in population.

54
Q

Adaptation is:

A

A trait that increases fitness of individual in particular environment

55
Q

_________ As a group evolve as environments change

A

 Population

56
Q

Individuals can I have changes are mutations to their DNA throughout their lifetime due to their

A

Gametes, somatic cells

57
Q

Gametes

A

DNA mutations in somatic cells lead to cancer

58
Q

Somatic cells

A

DNA mutations in germline cells will be passed to offspring but the effect of this genetic change depends upon the environment

59
Q

_______ are _______ to the coding sequence

A

Mutations, random changes

60
Q

When changes to the DNA code sequence lead to a novel protein or novel phenotype, the environment determines whether the novel phenotype is:

A

Neutral: no affect to the offspring. Lethal:affects offspring badly. Beneficial:beneficial to offspring very rare

61
Q

Types of DNA mutations:

A

Point mutations (transcription in DNA), Small or large deletions, small or large insertions, duplications, translocations

62
Q

Artificial selection:

A

Same principal as natural selection, the difference is people choose desired traits and people choose parental maids to achieve offspring with amplified desire traits

63
Q

__________ Depicts evolutionarily history

A

Tree of life

64
Q

Tree of life

A

Describes genealogical relationships among species with single ancestral species at its base

65
Q

Phylogeny:

A

Actual genealogical relationship among all organisms

66
Q

The five kingdoms system was proposed by

A

Robert Whitaker in 1969

67
Q

The three domain system was proposed by

A

Carl Woese in 1977

68
Q

How is genetic variation analyzed?

A

Biologists study RNA and DNA from different organisms

69
Q

Phylogenetic tree:

A

Used to show the relationships between species

70
Q

Branches that share __________ Represent species closely related

A

Recent common ancestor

71
Q

Tree of life indicates three major groups of organisms:

A

Eukaryotes, have a nucleus
Two groups of prokaryotes, lack nucleus
Bacteria and Archea

72
Q

Taxonomy:

A

Effort to name and classify organisms

73
Q

Domain:

A

Woese Create a new taxonomic level which consists of three taxa: bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

74
Q

Phylum:

A

Major lineage with domain

75
Q

__________ Established classification system still in use today

A

Carlous Linnaeus 1735

76
Q

Genus

A

Made up of closely related groups of species

77
Q

Species

A

Individuals that regularly breed together, or who is characteristics are distinct from those of other species

78
Q

Scientific names are always

A

Italicized

79
Q

Genus names are always

A

Capitalized

Molecular & Cellular Biology (3 decks)

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