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Biology 104 > Chapter 1: The Science of Biology > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Science of Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is biology the study of?

A

The study of living things, the science of life

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2
Q

What are the six kingdoms?

A

Archaea, Bacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

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3
Q

What should you think of when considering something “living” versus “non-living”

A

Complexity, Movement, and Response to Stimulation

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4
Q

A life-defining property must be what to living things?

A

Exclusive

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5
Q

All living cells are comprised of how many cells?

A

At least one cell

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6
Q

What does Metabolism mean?

A

All living things process energy, which is used to power other processes

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7
Q

What does Homeostasis mean?

A

All living things maintain relatively stable internal environments to optimize conditions for metabolism and other processes

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8
Q

What does Growth and Reproduction mean?

A

All organisms have the capacity for growth and reproduction

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9
Q

What does Heredity mean?

A

All organisms pass genetic information to future generations from to offspring

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10
Q

What are the hierarchies of levels in the organization of life?

A

Cellular, Organismal, Populational

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11
Q

What happens in the higher levels of the living hierarchy?

A

New properties become more apparent that were absent at the lower levels

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12
Q

What are atoms?

A

Atoms are the smallest unit of a molecule (protons, neutrons, eletrons)

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13
Q

What are molecules?

A

Molecules are the union of two or more atoms of the same or different element

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14
Q

What are macromolecules?

A

Macromolecules are polymers of molecular building blocks having a similar composition

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15
Q

What are organelles?

A

Organelles are substructures in the cell having a dedicated function and are large enough to be seen in a light microscope

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16
Q

What is a cell?

A

A cell is the smallest unit of life

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17
Q

Hydrophobic means?

A

Water fearing, doesn’t mix with water

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18
Q

Hydrophilicity means?

A

Mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water

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19
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A tissue is a group of similar cells that perform a particular function

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20
Q

What do several tissues join together to form?

A

Several tissues join together to form an organ

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21
Q

What do organs work together to form?

A

Organs work together to form an organ system

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22
Q

What are some examples of atoms?

A

Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen

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23
Q

What is an example of a molecule?

A

Adenine

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24
Q

What is a example of a macromolecule?

A

DNA

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25
Q

What is an example of an organelle?

A

Nucleus

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26
Q

What is an example of a cell?

A

Nerve cell

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27
Q

What is an example of a tissue?

A

Nerve tissue

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28
Q

What is an example of an organ?

A

The brain

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29
Q

What is an example of an organ system?

A

Nervous system

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30
Q

What is the Cellular Level procedure?

A

Atoms, Molecule, Macromolecule, Organelle, Cell

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31
Q

What is the Organismal Level procedure?

A

Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Organism

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32
Q

What is the Populational Level procedure?

A

Population, Species, Community, Ecosystem

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33
Q

What are the 5 biological themes that emerge repeatedly at any hierarchical level?

A

Homeostasis, Energy Flow, Structure-Function, Cooperation, and Evolution (changes in gene frequency)

34
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

When organisms act to control their internal environments so that the complex processes of metabolism function efficiently

“Steady-State”

35
Q

What is Energy Flow?

A

It’s the transfer of energy through living things within an ecosystem, moving from one organism to the next

36
Q

What is Structure-Function?

A

Body structures in organisms are carefully designed to carry out their functions

Within cells, the shapes of the proteins called enzymes that cells use to carry out chemical reactions are precisely suited to match the chemicals the enzymes must manipulate

37
Q

What is Cooperation?

A

When two living organisms work together to survive since energy and other resources are limiting

38
Q

What does “Symbiosis” mean?

A

Symbiosis describes when two species live in direct contact

39
Q

What is Evolution?

A

Biological evolution is change in the heritable characteristics, change in the gene pool of a population over succeeding generations

40
Q

What is the mechanism for evolution?

A

Natural selection

41
Q

What is Natural Selection?

A

The differential reproduction of genotypes caused by factors in the environment that lead to evolutionary change

42
Q

What is Deductive reasoning?

A

The use of general principles to explain specific observations

Is the reasoning of mathematics, philosophy, politics, and ethics - the way a computer works

For example, when traveling at the speed limit, you approach each intersection anticipating that the red light will turn green as you reach the intersection

43
Q

What is Inductive reasoning?

A

The use of careful examination of specific cases to discover general principles

A possible explanation, or hypothesis

For example, when you drive down the street at the speed limit, you observe that the red traffic light turns green just at you approach the intersection. You conclude that the traffic lights along this street are “timed” to change in the time it takes your care, traveling at the speed limit, to traverse the distance between them

44
Q

What are the 6 stages of the Scientific Process?

A

Observation, Hypothesis, Predictions, Experiment/Testing, Controls, and Conclusion

45
Q

What occurs in the Observation step?

A

Careful observations take place and are recorded to form a hypothesis

46
Q

What occurs in the Hypothesis step?

A

An educated guess is made that might be true

It’s a tentative explanation for the natural event

47
Q

What occurs in the Predictions step?

A

If the hypothesis is correct, then specific consequences can be expected, such as experiments and data to back it up

48
Q

What occurs in the Experiment/Testing step?

A

Scientists set out to test the hypothesis by attempting to verify some of its predictions

The test of a hypothesis is an experiment

49
Q

What occurs in the Controls step?

A

Scientists use a control to assess the influence of potential factors, called variables

50
Q

What occurs in the Conclusion step?

A

We reach a statement based on experimental measurements and observations on whether or not the hypothesis was supported

51
Q

What do you call it when multiple ideas are formulated about a phenomenon?

A

Alternative hypothesis

52
Q

What are Variables?

A

Variables are parts of the system where different conditions, e.g. temperature, concentration, time, etc can be altered

In evaluating alternative hypothesis about one variable, all other variable are held constant so that the investigator is not misled or confused by other influences

53
Q

Scientists can use one conclusion from one experiment to form a hypothesis for another.

A

True

54
Q

If the results do not support the hypothesis, then it may be sued to formulate an alternate hypothesis.

A

True

55
Q

What is it called when a hypothesis has been tested and not rejected?

A

Tentatively accepted

56
Q

What does the term “Theory” mean to scientists?

A

A theory represents certainty and is unifying explanation for a broad range of observations from a variety of different approaches/experiments

57
Q

What are the 4 Biology Theories?

A

Cell Theory, Gene Theory, Theory of Heredity, Theory of Evolution/Natural Selection

58
Q

What is science limited to?

A

Science is limited to organisms and processes that can be observed and measured

It cannot be relied upon to solve all problems

59
Q

What is the Cell Theory?

A

All organisms are composed of at least one cell

The cell is the most basic unit of life

All cells from from existing cells

60
Q

What is the Gene Theory?

A

Genetic information is encoded in molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Genes encode specific proteins of RNA, or a gene might act to regulate other genes

The proteins and RNA encoded by an organism’s genes determines what it will be like in terms of form and functions

61
Q

What is the Theory of Heredity?

A

Genes are passed down generations as discrete units

62
Q

What is the Theory of Evolution/Natural Selection?

A

A change in the frequency of traits that affect the reproductive success in a population or species across generations

Organisms best able to respond to the challenges of living will leave more offspring thus their traits become more common in the population

63
Q

What are the 3 domains?

A

The 6 kingdoms assigned to 3 domains called Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

64
Q

What kingdom is assigned to the Bacteria domain?

A

Bacteria

65
Q

What kingdom is assigned to the Archaea domain?

A

Archaea

66
Q

What kingdom(s) is assigned to the Eukarya domain?

A

Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia

67
Q

Biologists catergorize all living things based on related characteristics into large groups called
a) Kingdoms
b) Species
c) Populations
d) Ecosystems

A

a) Kingdoms

68
Q

Living things can be distinguished from nonliving things because they
a) Have complexity
b) Exhibit movement
c) Have cellular organization
d) Respond to a stimulus

A

c) Have cellular organization

69
Q

Living things are organized. Choose the answer that illustrates this organization and that is arranged from smallest to largest.
a) Cell, atom, molecule, tissue, organelle, organ, organ system, organism, population, species, community, ecosystem
b) Atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, community, population, species, ecosystem
c) Atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, community, population, species, ecosystem
d) Atom, molecule, cell wall, cell, organ, organelle, organism, species, population, community, ecosystem

A

b) Atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, community, population, species, ecosystem

70
Q

At each level in the hierarchy of living things, properties occur that were not present at the simpler levels. These properties are referred to as:
a) Novelistic properties
b) Complex properties
c) Incremental properties
d) Emergent properties

A

d) Emergent properties

71
Q

Which of the following is not an emergent property?
a) Metabolism
b) Movement
c) Cellular organization
d) Consciousness

A

c) Cellular organization

72
Q

The 5 general biological themes include:
a) Evolution, energy flow, competition, structure determines function, and homeostasis
b) Evolution, energy flow, cooperation structure determines function, and homeostasis
c) Evolution, growth, competition, structure determines functions, and homeostasis
d) Evolution, growth, cooperation, structure determines functions, and homeostasis

A

b) Evolution, energy flow, cooperation, structure determines function, and homeostasis

73
Q

You notice that on cloudy days people often carry umbrellas, folded or in a case. You also note that when umbrellas are open, there are many car accidents. You conclude that open umbrellas cause car accidents. Explain the type of reasoning used to reach this conclusion and why it can sometimes be a problem.

A

This is an example of INDUCTIVE REASONING. The problem is that people sometimes assume that because two items both occur at the same time, one of the events causes the other. In this case, both events are caused by a third event that was not mentioned - the fact that it is raining. There is nothing wrong with the process of inductive reasoning, but do not assume that correlation (occurring together) implies causation

74
Q

When you are trying to understand something new, you begin by observation and then put the observations together in a logical fashion to form a general principle. This method is called:
a) Inductive reasoning
b) Rule enhancement
c) Theory production
d) Deductive reasoning

A

a) Inductive reasoning

75
Q

CFCs:
a) Produce chlorine gas
b) Cause global warming
c) Are carcinogens
d) Bing to chromosomes

A

a) Produce chlorine gas

76
Q

When trying to figure out explanations for observations, scientists construct a series of possible hypothesis. Then they make predictions and
a) Test each hypothesis, using appropriate controls, to determine which hypothesis is true
b) Test each hypothesis, using appropriate controls, to rule out as many hypotheses as possible
c) Use logic to determine which hypothesis is true
d) Reject those that seem unlikely

A

b) Test each hypothesis, using appropriate controls, to determine which hypothesis is true

77
Q

Which of the following statements is correct regarding a hypothesis?
a) After sufficient testing, you can conclude that it is true
b) If it explains the observations, it doesn’t need to be tested
c) After sufficient testing, you can accept it as probable, being aware that it may be revised or rejected in the future
d) You never have any degree of certainty that it is true; there are too many variables

A

c) After sufficient testing, you can accept it as probable, being aware that it may be revised or rejected in the future

78
Q

The Scientific Method is
a) Rationalizing a large body of observations
b) Testing predictions repeatedly
c) Following in the same manner in all investigations
d) Testing a series of “either/or” predictions

A

d) Testing a series of “either/or” predictions

79
Q

Cell Theory states that
a) All organisms have cell walls
b) All cellular organisms undergo sexual reproduction
c) All living organisms use cells for energy, either their own or they ingest cells of other organisms
d) All living organisms consist of cells that come from other cells

A

d) All living organisms consist of cells that come from other cells

80
Q

The Gene Theory states that all the information that specifies what a cell is and what it does
a) Is different for each cell type in the organism
b) Is passed down, unchanged, from parents to offspring
c) Is contained in a long molecule called DNA
d) All of the above

A

c) Is contained in a long molecule called DNA

81
Q

The Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance states that
a) Chromosomes contain DNA
b) Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes
c) All cells have genes
d) Genes are on chromosomes

A

d) Genes on are chromosomes

82
Q

The Theory or Evolution by Natural Selection was advanced in 1859 by
a) Gregor Mendel
b) Charles Darwin
c) James Watson and Francis Crick
d) Robert Hooke

A

b) Charles Darwin

Biology 104 (7 decks)

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