Chapter 10/11 PK Quiz Terms

Question 1

Suez Canal

Answer 1

Located in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean and the Red Sea; allowed steam-driven European ships to reach distant Asian, African, Pacific ports more quickly and predictably and to penetrate interior rivers as well

Question 2

Civilizing Mission

Answer 2

European colonial powers felt it was their duty to bring Western civilization to what they perceived as backward people by Westernizing them and assimilating them into Western culture

Question 3

Social Darwinism

Answer 3

The theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals

Question 4

Scramble for Africa

Answer 4

The process by which European countries partitioned the continent of Africa among themselves in the period 1875-1900

Question 5

Samori Toure

Answer 5

Muslim military personnel who was defeated by French forces that conquered his new West African empire

Question 6

Battle of Isandlwana

Answer 6

Battle where the British were initially defeated by a Zulu army in an 1879 South Africa

Question 7

Boer War

Answer 7

Battle of Isandlwana evolved into a Boer War where the Boers, white descendants of the earlier Dutch settlers in South Africa, fighting bitterly before eventually succumbing to the British forces

Question 8

Spanish-American War

Answer 8

Armed conflict between the United States and Spain that erupted after the U.S. expressed support for Filipinos and Cuban freedom against the Spanish; US won and eventually acquired Puerto Rico

Question 9

Battle of Adowa

Answer 9

Famous battle which marked Ethiopia as an expanding empire due to defeating Italy; Ethiopia preserved its independence

Question 10

Indian Rebellion of 1857

Answer 10

Major but unsuccessful uprising in India against British East India company; was partly caused by British military forced introducing a new cartridge smeared with animal far from pigs and cows causing strife among both Muslims and Hindus

Question 11

Congo Free State

Answer 11

Private colony ruled by Leopoldo II, king of Belgium; was a state of forced labor and killing by private companies, killing millions of people

Question 12

Cultivation System

Answer 12

System of forced labor used in the Netherlands East Indies in the 19th century where peasants had to cultivate their land for sale and at low and fixed prices to government contractors

Question 13

Maji Maji Rebellion

Answer 13

Massive rebellion due to the harsh conditions of the cultivation system; known as the Maji Maji, it persuaded the Germans to end the forced growing of cotton

Question 14

Cash-Crop Production

Answer 14

Colonial rule created conditions that facilitated and increased cash crop production to the advantage of local farmers

Question 15

Africanization of Christianity

Answer 15

Process that occurred in non-Muslim Africa, where many who converted to Christianity sought to incorporate older traditions, values, and practices into their understanding of Christianity

Question 16

Swami Vivekananda

Answer 16

Nineteenth century Hindu monk in America who most notably represented India speaking back to the West; declared India could offer spiritual support to a Western world mired in materialism and militarism

Question 17

Edward Blyden

Answer 17

Prominent West African scholar and political leader who argued that each civilization has its own unique contribution to make to the world; he argued that Africa had a global mission to be the spiritual conservatory of the world by its distinctiveness of communal, cooperative and egalitarian societies in opposition to the West

Question 18

Taiping Uprising

Answer 18

Massive Chinese rebellion against the ruling Qing dynasty that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864; it was based on the millenarian teachings of Hong Xiuquan, for he rejected Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism and replaced them with Christianity; his cousin developed plans to transform China into an industrial nation

Question 19

Hong Xiuquan

Answer 19

Leading figure of the Taiping Rebellion who proclaimed himself the younger brother of Jesus, sent to cleanse the world of demons and to establish a “heavenly kingdom of great peace,” insisted on revolutionary changes and denounced the Qing Dynasty as foreigners who poisoned China

Question 20

Opium Wars

Answer 20

Two wars fought between Western powers and China after China tired to restrict the important of foreign goods, especially opium; China lost both wars and war forced to make major concessions

Question 21

Commissioner Lin Zexu

Answer 21

Royal official charged with ending the opium trade in China; his concerted efforts to seize and destroy opium imports provoked the Opium Wars

Question 22

Treaty of Nanjing

Answer 22

Treaty that ended the first Opium War, which largely on British terms, imposed numerous restrictions on Chinese sovereignty and opened five ports to European traders; its terms reflected the changed balance of global power that had emerged with Britain’s industrial revolution; for the Chinese, it represented the first of the “unequal treaties” that eroded Chinese independence

Question 23

Unequal Treaties

Answer 23

Series of nineteenth century treaties in which China made major concessions to Western powers

Question 24

Informal Empire

Answer 24

Term commonly used to describe areas that were dominated by Western powers in the nineteenth century but retained their own government and a measure of independence

Question 25

Sino-Japanese War

Answer 25

War between Qing China and Japan fighting over control of Korea; Chinese victory

Question 26

Boxer Uprising

Answer 26

Due to the failure of “self-strengthening,” anti-foreign movements erupted in northern China; led by militia organizations, the “Boxers” killed numerous European and Chinese Christians and laid siege to the foreign embassies in Beijing; resulted in military intervention by Western powers and the imposition of a huge payment as punishment

Question 27

Chinese Revolution of 1912

Answer 27

The last Chinese emperor renounced the end of ancient imperial order, collapsing two millennia of China’s imperial order (also end of Qing Dynasty); officially at the hands of organized revolutionaries but for the most part under the weight of the troubles that had overwhelmed the imperial government for the previous century

Question 28

“Sick Man of Europe”

Answer 28

Western Europe’s description of the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, based on the empire’s economic and military weakness and its apparent inability to prevent the shrinking of its territory

Question 29

Sultan Selim III

Answer 29

Began Ottoman reforms and sought to reorganize and update the army, drawing on European advisers and techniques; however, the ulama (religious scholars of Islam) and the elite military corps of Janissaries saw these innovations as threatening to Islam, so Selim was overthrown in 1807 and then murdered

Question 30

Tanzimat Reforms

Answer 30

Took shape as the Ottoman leadership sought to provide the economic, social, and legal underpinnings for a strong and newly re-centralized state; began a long process of modernization and westernization in the Ottoman Empire

Question 31

Young Ottomans

Answer 31

Group of would-be reformers in the mid-nineteenth century Ottoman Empire that included lower-level officials, military officers, and writers; they urged the extension of westernizing Ottoman reforms to the political system; a new “class” that spawned from the industrialization and modernization efforts

Question 32

Sultan Abdul-Hamid II

Answer 32

Gave Young Ottomans a short term victory when he adopted supposed reforms but suspended these efforts under the pressure of war with Russia and returned to despotic rule; claimed he was the caliph

Question 33

Matthew Perry

Answer 33

Single handedly responsible for the industrialization of Japan when he sailed into Edo Bay in 1853, threatened Japan to trade within a year, return in 1854, and successfully opened Japanese industrialization

Question 34

Tokugawa Japan

Answer 34

A period of internal peace in Japan (1600-1850) that prevented civil war but did not fully unify the country; led by military rulers, or shoguns, from the Tokugawa family, who established a closed country edict toward European encroachments

Question 35

Meiji Restoration

Answer 35

The political takeover of Japan in 1868 by a group of young samurai from southern Japan; the samurai eliminated the shogun and claimed they were restoring the power of the young emperor, Meiji; the new government was committed to saving Japan from foreign domination by drawing upon what the modern West had to offer to transform Japanese society

Question 36

Civil Code of 1898

Answer 36

Accorded absolute authority to the male head of the family, while grouping all wives with “cripples and disabled persons” as those who “cannot undertake any legal action”

Question 37

Zaibatsu

Answer 37

A number of large Japanese conglomerate business firms (huge enterprises) that organized and contributed to Japan’s industrialization; early zaibatsu included the Mitsubishi corporation, a major manufacturing and exporting business

Question 38

Anglo-Japanese Treaty of 1902

Answer 38

The primary goal of the Meiji regime; acknowledged Japan as an equal player among the Great Powers of the world by persuading the Western powers to revise the unequal treaties in Japan’s favor

Question 39

Russo-Japanese War

Answer 39

Fighting over rival imperial ambitions (mostly territorial) in Korea and Manchuria, Japan won and became the first Asian state to defeat a major European power; Japan gained control of Taiwan and Korea and a territorial foothold of Manchuria